language

Question 1

true or false: verbal behavior is lateralized in the brain.

Answer 1

true

Question 2

what happens when you damage the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 2

it often disrupts language abilities (comprehension and expression), whereas damage to the right hemisphere tends to
only produce very subtle deficits in language.

Question 3

true or false: The left hemisphere is language dominant in 90 percent of people

Answer 3

true, (94% of right-handed people and 70% of left-handed people).

Question 4

what is the relation between language dominance side and dominant hand side?

Answer 4

Left side versus right side language dominance seems to be like left handedness versus right handedness, in that it doesn’t seem to matter much.
* There is no evidence that right-handed people or left language dominant people are globally smarter, faster learners, or naturally better at any general domain.
* There are some small correlations; people who exhibit right side language dominance may be more perceptive of prosody and quicker to understand metaphors, but these trends are very subtle.

Question 5

what is prosody?

Answer 5

Prosody refers to the rhythm, stress, and intonation in speech. It includes variations in pitch, loudness, and duration, and it conveys meaning, emotion, and context beyond the literal words.

– People emphasize certain words (i.e., say them louder) to clarify what they mean.
– People change the pitch of spoken words to indicate phrasing and to distinguish
between statements and questions.

Question 6

true or false: in most people, prosody is a function of the right hemisphere.

Answer 6

true, When people damage their left hemisphere and have deficits in language comprehension, they are often still able to extract information from prosody (e.g., they will know if they are being asked a question), by the tone.

Question 7

true or false: We can recognize people by the sound of their voice, even if we don’t understand the words they are saying.

Answer 7

true, voice recognition

Question 8

voice recognition is a function of which hemisphere?

Answer 8

the right

Question 9

what is phonagnosia?

Answer 9

a deficit in recognizing voices – is associated with damage to auditory association cortex in the right cerebral hemisphere.

Question 10

are people still able to recognize voices when they damage their left hemisphere and have deficits in language comprehension?

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

which hemisphere is strongly activated when we process unfamiliar metaphors?

Answer 11

the right hemisphere. While the left hemisphere is needed to understand the literal meaning of words, the right hemisphere is involved in understanding metaphorical language.

Question 12

true or false: damage to the left hemisphere can often cause aphasia.

Answer 12

true

Question 13

what is aphasia?

Answer 13

a disturbance in understanding, repeating, or producing meaningful speech.

Question 14

how do we get diagnosed with an aphasia?

Answer 14

To be diagnosed with an aphasia, the deficit must be somewhat isolated.
* The person must be able to recognize when others are trying to communicate with them.
* They must be aware of their surroundings, with what is generally going on.
* Their deficits cannot be caused by an inability to hear, see, or move their mouth, or by lack of motivation.

Question 15

which part of the brain often causes an aphasia if damaged?

Answer 15

the middle cerebral artery. symptoms vary massively depending on where exactly the damage occurred.

Question 16

what does damage to sensory association cortex causes?

Answer 16

deficits in language comprehension.

There are many synonyms for this type of
aphasia :
* Wernicke’s aphasia
* receptive aphasia
* fluent aphasia
* posterior aphasia
* sensory aphasia

Question 17

what does damage to frontal lobe causes?

Answer 17

deficits in speaking and writing.

There are many synonyms for this type of aphasia:
* Broca’s aphasia
* expressive aphasia
* non-fluent aphasia
* anterior aphasia
* motor aphasia

Question 18

where is broca’s area?

Answer 18

the left inferior frontal lobe.

Question 19

what does damage to the Broca’s area causes?

Answer 19

Broca’s aphasia, where people have difficulty expressing themselves verbally.
*It is characterized by slow, laborious, nonfluent speech.
* Intelligence is not typically affected, but people are often perceived as being less intelligent. People are aware of their condition and frustrated by it.
* They have something to say, but they struggle to say it.

Question 20

what is the main deficit in Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 20

turning thoughts into grammatically structured sentences (thinking of the words and sequencing them together).
People with Broca’s aphasia have trouble coming up with content words – the nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs that convey meaning.

Question 21

how do people with Broca’s aphasia communicate?

Answer 21

by effortfully producing content words.

They rarely use function words such as “a, the, in, about” – the prepositions and articles of speech that convey little meaning but are important for the grammatical structure of the sentence. Instead of saying, they say, “I’m going to take the dog for a walk,” “Dog… walk… I go.”

Question 22

what is aggrammatism?

Answer 22

A key feature of Broca’s aphasia is agrammatism: difficulty comprehending and using grammatical devices, such as verb endings (-ed) and word order (e.g., man bit dog).
People with agrammatism do not derive meaning from the sequence of words or the grammar of sentences. This results in some deficits in language comprehension, particularly for complicated sentences. They no longer conjugate words.

Question 23

what is the posterior language area?

Answer 23

the area for language comprehension.
It is where the concept of a dog connects to the word dog, and vice versa. When we hear the word dog, the auditory signal must first be identified as a spoken word. Then, those neurons connect to the posterior language area to activate the concept of dog. In turn, those neurons project to neurons throughout the brain to bring up all our associations with the concept dog (how it looks, feels, smells, etc.).

Question 24

what is Broca’s area function?

Answer 24

• speaking
• word choice
• sequencing
• grammar
• articulation

Question 24

what is Wernicke's area function?

Answer 24

spoken word perception, it is where sounds are recognized as spoken words.

Question 25

true or false: it is possible to read, hear, etc without comprehension of what it means

Answer 25

true, but if you eventually want to understand it, you have to use posterior language area. It is critical for language comprehension regardless of whether words are heard, spoken, or read.

Question 26

where is the posterior language area located?

Answer 26

at the junction of the temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes.

Question 27

what happens when you damage the posterior language area? | is speech fluent? can you comprehend spoken messages? repeat?

Answer 27

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia: * Their use of language sounds normal, but it doesn’t make much sense. They don’t seem to understand the literal meaning of words. * If only the posterior language area is damaged (which is rare), there may be normal word perception abilities (e.g., they hear words fine) and normal speaking abilities (they say words clearly), but there will be limited comprehension of what is heard or said. * They may be able to talk (word salad) and repeat what someone else says. * They may be able to read words out loud (without understanding them). * They may be able to write words (without understanding them). is speech fluent? yes can you comprehend of spoken messages? no can the person repeat words or phrases? yes

Question 28

what is the difference between Wernicke's aphasia and Transcortical aphasia?

Answer 28

people with Wernicke's aphasia cannot repeat what they hear. They cannot process sounds as words. In contrast, people with transcortical sensory aphasia often repeat what is said to them. In either case, their speech is fluid and natural, filled with intonation and emphasis (prosody). Words come easy, but much of their speech is meaningless. They use a lot of function words, such as “a, the, in, about”. Content words that convey meaning are said less frequently, and they are often used incorrectly. Their speech is partly a word salad. People with these conditions are often unaware of their deficits, and they are largely unbothered by the situation. When words lose meaning, it is like they never had any meaning in the first place, so to the person it seems like nothing has changed.

Question 29

where is Wernicke's area?

Answer 29

Wernicke’s Area is a part of auditory association cortex (in the left temporal lobe).

Question 30

true or false: If primary auditory cortex is intact, the person should be able to hear.

Answer 30

true

Question 31

true or false: if Wernicke’s Area is damaged, you are still able to recognize sounds as words.

Answer 31

false. Spoken words become uninterpretable (just noise).

Question 32

what is Wernicke's Aphasia? | is speech fluent? can you comprehend spoken messages? repeat?

Answer 32

when parts of Wernicke’s Area and the Posterio Language Area get damaged. This makes it difficult for people to recognize sounds as words, and their speech doesn’t make sense since they also don’t know the literal meaning of words. is speech fluent? yes can you comprehend of spoken messages? no can the person repeat words or phrases? no

Question 33

what is the defining feature of both Wernicke's aphasia and transcortical sensory aphasia?

Answer 33

poor language comprehension

Question 34

what is Pure Word Deafness?

Answer 34

an inability to comprehend or repeat spoken words. This is a type of auditory agnosia. It occurs when there is damage to Wernicke’s area but not the posterior language area. “I can hear you, but I don’t recognize the words you’re saying. I even have trouble repeating what you say.” People with Pure Word Deafness can hear sounds just fine, and they can interpret non-speech sounds normally, such as a doorbell, phone, or dog bark. They also understand language and speak intelligently, but their pronunciation gets increasingly awkward over time since they can no longer judge whether they are saying the words correctly.

Question 35

what is conduction aphasia? | is speech fluent? can you comprehend of spoken words? repeat?

Answer 35

* Conduction aphasia is characterized by nearly normal language comprehension and speaking abilities but an inability to repeat someone’s exact words. * For example, when asked to repeat the word ‘house’, the person may say “home”. * When asked to repeat a nonsense word like ‘blaynge’ or ‘blick’, the person will be unable to. * Their language comprehension and expression are otherwise mostly fine. Their speech is meaningful and fluid. * It is caused by damage to the fiber paths that interconnect Wernicke's area and Broca's area. The main pathway is the arcuate fasciculus. is speech fluent? yes can you comprehend of spoken word? yes can you repeat words of phrases? no

Question 36

where is the damage located with conduction aphasia?

Answer 36

damage to and around the arcuate fasciculus. arcuate fasciculus: a direct connection between Wernicke's area and Broca's area enables patients with transcortical sensory aphasia to repeat words that they cannot understand

Question 37

what is anomia?

Answer 37

Anomia is characterized by the inability to recall words, names, or numbers. When this symptom is present but all other language abilities are intact, the person is said to have anomic aphasia.

Question 38

what is anomic aphasia? | is speeh fluent? can you comprehend of spoken messages? repeat?

Answer 38

* People with anomic aphasia can understand spoken words and speak just fine, but they describe things in roundabout ways (circumlocution) because they struggle to think of the word they want to say. * Circumlocution is defined as using many words when fewer would do. – It is often used to describe language that is deliberately vague or evasive. – But it is also how people speak when they learn a foreign language. If you can’t think of a word, you either describe it in a roundabout manner or you skip over it and hope the listener can fill in the blank. * Anomia is a very common symptom of all aphasias, especially Broca’s aphasia. * It can be caused by damage to nearly any part of the cerebral cortex. is speech fluent? yes can you comprehend of spoken messages? yes can you repeat words or phrases? yes

Question 39

true or false: When visually identifying objects, we focus on spots where lines form corners and junctions, such as with L, T, and X, since these cues remain relatively constant when viewed from different angles.

Answer 39

true

Question 40

where do we perceive written letters and words?

Answer 40

in visual association cortex, specifically in the visual word form area (VWFA).

Question 41

what are the steps of reading?

Answer 41

We first learn to recognize individual letters (phonetic reading or sound reading). Then, we learn to recognize whole words (sight reading).

Question 42

what is surface dyslexia?

Answer 42

Damage to visual association cortex (visual word form area, ventral stream) can cause surface dyslexia – an inability to recognize whole words, while retaining the,ability to read phonetically. People with this condition are able to sound out words, but this doesn’t always provide enough information to understand the word. Consider… * Pair, pear, pare * Sew, pint, yacht

Question 43

what is phonological dyslexia?

Answer 43

damage near the visual association cortex can cause phonological dyslexia – an inability to sound out words phonetically, while retaining whole-word recognition. People with this condition have no trouble reading familiar words, but they struggle with unfamiliar words and non-words such as blint, trisk, and juff. In Japanese, kanji characters represent whole words, while kana characters represent individual letters. Damage to the visual word form area can make it difficult to read one or the other or both. Development dyslexia is usually phonological – the difficulty is with connecting sounds to symbols. It is largely hereditary. Some people never become fluent readers, even though they are otherwise intelligent.

Question 44

what is pure alexia or pure word blindness? | visual agnosia

Answer 44

Substantial damage to visual word-form area (VWFA) can make it impossible to perceive written words and written letters (cannot read). The person can still write from motor memory, but they cannot read what they write. The VWFA is in the fusiform gyrus in the left hemisphere. The fusiform gyrus in the right hemisphere is critical for perceiving faces.

Question 45

what is dyslexia?

Answer 45

difficulty reading. often happens when damage to the VWFA after stroke, or you can just not be able to do it from birth.