1
Q
What is language?
A
No universal agreement, and differences in this causes differences in research on how language occurs in the brain
Arbitrary combinations of sounds bound by rules and order in order to communicate. Can be translated into different sensory modalities
2
Q
Language structure
A
Phonemes are combined to make morphemes, which are used as words or combined to make words
These words form a lexicon in our heads, and conform to specific syntax. Words and sentences are assigned semantic meaning. Prosody. Discourse involves stringing together sentences to form a narrative
3
Q
Criterion linguists use to identify a language
A
Words and word components
4
Q
Core language skills
A
Categorizing
Category Labelling
Sequencing Behaviours
Mimicry
5
Q
Key ideas of language
A
Speech =/= language
Language = symbolic meaning that spans modalities
Communications = language + pragmatics + output quality
6
Q
Categorization
A
Information is tagged/ given categories to make it easier to percieve information and retrieve it later on
7
Q
Role of visual streams in object categorization
A
Ventral stream participates in object categorization
Dorsal stream participates by making automatic distinctions between objects
8
Q
Labelling categories
A
Words are used as tags to label categories based on a preexisting understanding of what these categories are
Can stimulate production of word forms about a category, or evoke concepts with words
9
Q
What labelling categories involves
A
Identifying objects
Organizing information within a category
Classifications, uses, and associations of a word
10
Q
Nonverbal language can be produced through
A
Sequencing behaviours
Sequencing face, body, arm movements
11
Q
Parts of the brain used for sequencing behaviours
A
Left-hemispheric structures associated with language
Sequencing words = dorsal stream frontal cortex circuits
12
Q
Functions of Mimicry
A
Fosters language development/ acquisiton
Mirror neurons respond to people’s movements and we make the same movements (speech and otherwise)
13
Q
Dual pathways for language
A
Dorsal and ventral language pathways, which are extensions of the dorsal and ventral visual streams
14
Q
Which areas do the dorsal and ventral language pathways connect?
A
Temporal and Frontal Cortices
Information flows in both directions (to and from)
15
Q
Dorsal Language Pathway
A
Phonological information for articulation
Bottom-up
16
Q
Ventral Language Pathway
A
Semantic Information for Meaning, convert phonological information into semantic information; specific meanings into words
Top-down
17
Q
How do the visual streams and language pathways intersect?
A
Visual information enters the auditory language pathways through the visual streams
This supports reading functions
18
Q
How is touch language (like Braille) understood?
A
Body-sense regions of the parietal cortex sends tactile information to the dorsal and ventral pathways
19
Q
Temporal and Frontal roles in the dorsal language pathway
A
Temporal lobe assembles sounds by phonetic structure and passes it off to the frontal cortex for articulation
20
Q
Language pathway(s) for syntax
A
Both ventral and dorsal pathways are involved in syntax
Dorsal- categorizes sounds in frequency of association
Ventral- extracts meaning from grammatical organization of words
Both involved in long + short-term memories
21
Q
Damage to the dorsal language pathway causes…
A
allows for understanding but not articulation of words
22
Q
Damage to the ventral pathway causes….
A
Allows for reading but not understanding of words
23
Q
Brain regions activated by words
A
Occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal lobes, the cerebellum, the thalamus
24
Q
Input and output; Dorsal language pathways
A
Input: Auditory, somatic, visual sensory pathways
Output: Broca’s area, premotor areas
25
Input and Output; ventral language pathways
Input: phonological information
Output: Broca's area
26
Brain areas activating by word selection tasks
Premotor cortex area, dorsal to/ just above broca's area
27
Brain regions activated by naming tools
Premotor cortex, dorsal to broca's area
28
Brain regions activated by nouns (tools, animals, persons)
Different TE regions
29
Brain regions activated by speaking tasks
Bilateral activation in motor, sensory facial areas and the SSA
Right cerebellum activation
30
Brain regions activated when generating verbs
Frontal lobe, inferior temporal region, Broca's area
Also: posterior-temporal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, cerebellum
31
Imaging suggests that the role of Wernicke's area is...
Analyzing auditory input
32
Imaging suggests that the role of Broca's area is...
Speech movements, syntax, and memory
33
Semantic Network
Engaged in meanings of words and sentences
7 regions of the posterior and frontal cortex
All regions mostly in the LH
34
Semantic Network posterior + frontal regions
1. Area around the Angular Gyrus
2. Lateral Ventral Temporal Cortex
3. Ventral Temporal Cortex
4. Dorsomedial Prefrontal cortex
5. Inferior Frontal Gyrus
6. Ventromedial Prefrontal cortex
7. Posterior cingulate gyrus
35
Area around AG of the Semantic Network
(Angular Gyrus)
Supramodal region; involved in the integration + retrieval of complex knowledge
36
LVT of the Semantic Network
(Lateral Ventral Temporal Cortex)
Language comprehension
37
VT of the Semantic Network
(Ventral Temporal Cortex)
Object categorization
38
dmPF of the Semantic Network
(dorsomedial prefrontal cortex)
Fluid semantic word retrieval
39
IFG of the Semantic Network
(Inferior Frontal Gyrus)
Phonological working memory, syntactical processing
40
vmPF of the Semantic Network
(Ventral Medial Prefrontal Cortex)
Affective processing, Emotional and motivation significance of words
41
PFC of the Semantic Network
(Posterior Cingulate Gyrus)
Episodic and Spatial Word Meaning
42
Anterior language areas (semantic network)
Action knowledge; travel, use of tools, social interaction
43
Posterior language areas (semantic network)
Perceptual knowledge; includes the interpretation of visual, auditory, tactile signals associated with the construct of words and their meanings
44
Brain networks that overlap with the semantic network
Default network and autobiographical memory network
May suggest these are the same network, or that they simply have overlapping elements
45
Advantages of the semantic language network
Gives an understanding of the language distribution in LH + different fxns of different areas
46
Brain dictionary model
Word meaning is distributed in different parts of the cortex
Meaning is understood based on connections between nodes (which form neural webs)
Web includes areas involved in the meanings of the words- auditory (sound it makes), visual (how it looks), somatorsensy (how it feels), motor information (associated actions)
47
Semantic Mapping
Contributed to the development of the brain dictionary, which consists of semantic maps
Each map topographically represents related language objects and actions
Represented in both hemi, maps are roughly located in areas that make up the semantic network
48
Aphasia (general sense)
Language disorder apparent in speech, in writing (agraphia), or in reading (alexia)
Produced by injury to brain areas specialized for functions
49
General Symptoms of Disorders of Comprehension
Poor auditory comprehension
Poor visual comprehension
50
General Symptoms of Disorders of Production
Poor articulation
Anomia
Paraphasia
Loss of grammar and syntax
Inability to repeat aurally presented material
Low verbal fluency
Agraphia
Aprosodia
51
3 (broad) categories of aphasia
Fluent, Nonfluent, and pure aphasia
52
Fluent aphasia
Can produce fluent speech, but it is often unintelligable
Difficulty in auditory comprehension or in repeating words, sentence, phrases
53
RH involvement in language and communication
Context
Non-literal meaning
Prosody
Emotional/ affective speech
Pragmatics
Self-monitoring of errors
54
Disorders of communication
Not aphasias
Poor articulation
Aprosodia
Concreteness (too literal)
Lack of social, cultural norms, using context for meaning
Poor appreciation of gestures, body language, social cues
RH dysfunction, essentially
55
Fluent Aphasias
Can comprehend speech: Conduction aphasia, anomic aphasia (r)
No comprehension:
Wernicke's aphasia, transcortical sensory aphasia (r)
56
Non-fluent Aphasias
Comprehends:
Broca's aphasia (r), transcortical motor aphasia
No comprehension:
Global aphasia, mixed transcortial aphasa (r)
(r) = repeats
57
Wernicke's Aphasia/ Sensory Aphasia
3 characteristic deficits: classifying sounds, producing speech, writing
Inability to comprehend words or arrange words into correct speech
58
Wernicke's Aphasia Symptoms
"word salad"
Doesn't understand others, others can't understand them
Paraphasias: phonemic, semantic, and neologisms
over-reliance on generic terms ("thing")
Impaired reading comp
Unintelligable writing (but will write a lot)
Speech sounds fluent and fluid but is unintelligable
59
Transcortical aphasia
Can repeat, understand words, name objects, but cannot speech spontaneously (transcortical motor aphasia)
Or
Can repeat words but not understand them (transcortical sensory aphasia, transcortical mixed aphasia)
60
Conduction Aphasia
Cannot repeat words, but can speak easily, name objects, and understand speech
Disconnection between perceptual word image and motor systems producing the word
61
Anomic/ Amnesic Aphasia
Comprehend and produce meaningful speech
Difficulty naming objects
Damage to temporal cortex (nouns), left frontal injury (verbs)
62
Broca's aphasia/ expressive aphasia/ non-fluent aphasia
Difficulty producing words but can generally comprehend language well
63
Broca's Aphasia Symptoms
Short phrases, labored, paused speech
occasional phonemic paraphasia
Nouns better than verbs (verbs are frontal, where broca's is)
Agrammatism
Poor verbal fluency
Difficulty understanding complex written sentences
Writing shows agrammatism, poor verbal fluency as well
Reading relatively intact
Hemiparesis due to location of lesion
64
Paraphasia Types
Errors in language
Phonemic: Wrong sound
Semantic: Wrong meaning (can be categorical, related, or completely unrelated)
Neologism: made-up word (in aphasia, generally is somewhat semantically related to intended word)
65
Pure Aphasia/ Selective Aphasia
Alexia - can't read
Agraphia - Can't write
Pure word deafness - cannot hear or repeat words
Restricted to certain abilities
66
Commonly associated features of non-fluent aphasia
Apraxia of speech
Right hemiparesis
Frustration and Depression
67
Etiology and Prognosis for Non-fluent aphasia
Little Broca's Aphasia
Smaller lesions confined to the frontal operculum, resolves to anomic aphasia
Big Broca's Aphasia
Large lesions (superior MCA division), initially a global aphasia that resolves to Broca's
68
Commonly associated features of fluent aphasias
Contralateral quadratanopia
Apraxia due to parietal involvement (hard to assess)
Anosognosia
Paranoia, anger (can be misdiagnosed as psychosis)
69
Etiology and prognosis of fluent aphasia
Doesn't usually stay very severe
Resolves to transcortical aphasia, conduction aphasia, or anomic aphasia (good resolution)
70
Aphasia rule-outs
Must distinguish from psychosis and delirium
Communication disorders:
Aphemia (mutism)
Dysarthria
Apraxia of speech
71
Psychosis vs. Delirium vs. Aphasia
Psychosis: long, tangeble responses to questions, neologisms, not associated with focal neurologic symptoms
Delirium: impairment in arousal and awareness (disorientation, confusion)
Aphasia: shorter sentences, paraphasias more common, dysnomia, associated neurological deficits
72
Dysarthria
Motor disorder associated with speech (subcortical)
Impairs the ability of speech muscles to execute movement
imprecise articulation, slurring of words
Different types
Errors consistent across speech sounds
73
Apraxia of Speech
Speech planning disorder
Impairment in programming sequences of speech muscle mvmnt
Cortical: supplemental motor area, premotor, lateral anterior insula, interior frontal (including Broca's)
Tends to lead to buccofacial apraxia (nonverbal oral)
Errors inconsistent across words and speech
74
New research on selective damage to Broca's/ Wernicke's.....
does NOT lead to broca's/ wernicke's aphasia- just causes slight impairments
Large lesions in the surrounding areas need to occur
Symptoms cannot be ascribed to a specific/ singular brain region
75
What type of stroke causes aphasia
Stroke caused by the MCA (middle cerebral artery) usually causes damage to language-related brain areas
76
Damage to the insula causes which communication disorder?
Apraxia of speech
77
What brain regions are associated with impairments in sentence comprehension?
superior temporal gyrus (dorsal bank), middle temporal gyrus
78
What brain region is associated with recurring utterances?
arcuate fascilus
79
Damage to what is associated with impairments in working memory and articulation?
Ventral frontal cortex
80
5 symptoms associated with nonfluent aphasia
Apraxia of speech
Impaired comprehension
Recurring utterances
Impaired articulation
Impaired working memory for sentences
81
Core difficulties of fluent aphasia come from...
Damage to the medial temporal lobe and underlying white matter
Not only destroys local language regions but cuts off occipital, temporal, parietal regions from the core language region
Damage to temporal region affects iconic memory for sentences/ the ability to hold sentences in memory
82
Role of the thalamus in language
Stimulation of the left-ventrolateral and pulvinar thalamic nuclei produced speech arrest, difficulties in naming, perseveration, and reduced talking speed.
Also reported to improve later retrieval of words heard during the stimulation.
Influences language function by activating/ arousing the cortex
83
Which thalamic areas play a role in language?
pulvinar nucleus and the lateral-posterior–lateral-central complex of the left thalamus
84
Damage to the thalamus causes...
speech/ language disruptions
postoperative dyspasia
increased verbal-response latency
decreases in voice volume
alterations in speech rate
slurring and hesitation in speech
impaired performance on verbal IQ tests and memory
85
Right orbitofrontal lesions lead to...
Reduced verbal fluency and deficits in prosody
86
Language activity of the left hemisphere
Gesture, Rhythm (more), inflection, timbre, word recognition, verbal meaning (more), concepts, visual meaning, syntactical language (sequencing, relations, grammer - exclusive to LH)
87
Language activity of the RH
Gesture, inflection, timbre (more), melody (exclusive to RH), word recognition, verbal meaning, concepts, visual meaning (more)
88
Behavioural assessment of nonfluent speech during interview
<4 words per phrase and <50 words per minute
89
Behavioural assessment of Dysarthria vs Apraxia of speech during interview
speech slurred/ strained/ quiet?
consistent problems with articulation?
"groping" for words and inconsistent articulation errors?
90
Neuropsychological testing for fluency/ production
Picture Description Task
Controlled Oral Word Association Test
91
Neuropsychological Testing for Comprehension w/o verbal production
Commands
Yes/ No questions
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
92
Testing for Alexia
Wide range acheivement test sentence comprehension subtest
93
Test for semantic knowledge impairment (comprehension)
Matching visual stimuli based on semantic properties/ similarities
Wechsler adult intelligence scale vocabulary and information subtest
94
Testing for following complex directions (comprehension)
Token test
NEPSY-II Comprehension of instructions
95
Testing for agrammatism
Northwestern Anagram Test
Token Test
96
Neuropsychological testing for repetition
Repeat single words up to short sentences
Multilingual
Aphasia Exam [MAE], Boston Diagnostic
Aphasia Exam [BDAE]
97
Testing for anomia (visual/ confrontation naming)
Boston naming test
Point to objects and have patient name them, starting with high frequency words and progressing lower
98
Testing for anomia (auditory naming)
"Tell me the name of the XX you XX"
Multilingual
Aphasia Exam [MAE], Boston Diagnostic
Aphasia Exam [BDAE]
99
Agraphia
Writing and spelling eligibility
WRAT Spelling Picture Description Task
WAB irregular words, nonwords
100
Picture description task looks for
Prosody
Grammar, Syntax
Spelling
Leaving out words (what kind?)
Word-finding, use of fillers
Paraphasias (what kind?)
Consistency w picture
Stuttering
Dysarthria/ Apraxia
Quality of handwriting
101
Nonfluent Primary Progressive Aphasia (nfvPPA)
Similar to Broca's, but not caused by stroke
Halting speech, phonemic paraphasia, fillers/ hesitation
102
Semantic Primary Progressive Aphasia
Fluent, uses "thing" a lot. Somewhat understandable speech but feels all over the place. Doesn't describe anything too specific
103
Major considerations of language assessments in deaf and hard of hearing communities
Time of deafness
Lip reading ability
Preferred method of communication
Use of interpreter
104
Assessment for aphasia and communication impairment in DHH
Comprehension
Grammar/ Syntax
Accuracy of signs (apraxia of signs, paraphasias)
Can't have:
Dysarthria
Alexia or Agraphia (unless they also have access to a spoken language)
105
Considerations for bilingualism/ multilingualism
Need to understand relative language dominance and level
Consider assessing all languages (if you have the tools)
Working memory can be stronger than monolinguals
Verbal fluency can be weaker than monolinguals
Changes with neurodegenerative disease (loss of more recent language)
106
Understanding how to measure
and assess language and
communication in non-English
speakers
The way and how we evaluate, not just what we're evaluating
Sign or gestural language
Historically oral languages
Level of acculturation
Multilingualism
107
Interventions for language/ communication disorders
Augmented/ Assisted communication tech
Family training
Pacing and timing training
Motor training for apraxia (articulation exercises)
Sign language learning
Cognitive communication strategies (helps with word finding, attention, memory)
Voice therapy
LVST Loud for Parkinson's
Repetition and Practice
PSYC 387
flashcards
Decks in class (4)
# Cards
