Bailey’s Wave Model
Like a ripple - change happens in the geographic area
Like a ripple - change happens in the geographic area
Bailey’s wave model
Example of the Wave Model
MLE spread through London
Evaluate Bailey’s Model
Trudgill - big cities down to small towns missing country dwellings - ‘thee’ and ‘thou’ in Yorkshire
Doesn’t account for other factors
Chen’s S Curve Model
Stage 1 - Small change with some uptake
Stage 2 - Limited to a geographical area
Stage 3 - More popular
Stage 4 - Max uptake
Drummond
MLE has moved as far as Manchester
MLE has moved as far as Manchester
Drummond
N-Word
Archaic racially charged pejorative epithets
Aitchison
Potential
Implementation
Diffusion
Codification
Halliday
Functional Gaps - ‘Google’
Lexical Shifts - ‘Laptop’
Substratum Theory and 3 examples
Through interaction
- Media, ‘Friends’ encouraged ‘like’
- Invasion, ‘Beef’ and ‘Mutton’ as a result of Normans
- Immigration, ‘yout’ or ‘baby mama’
Crystal
Tide Metaphor -change is ‘natural’ and ‘progressive’
Conversion
‘Google’ as a proper noun to a material verb
Derivation
‘Text’ to ‘Texting’ or ‘Facetime’ to ‘Facetiming’
Acronyming
Laugh out loud - ‘Lol’
Lederer
‘Inventions’ and ‘Innovations’
Neosemic Shift
‘Gay’ - broadened as a pejorative, ameliorated after linguistic reclamation
