Language Change Pattern

Question 1

What is a sociolinguistic marker?

Answer 1

Variable that correlates with both class and style
Are corrected in institutions
EX: “in” ending instead of ing

Question 2

Prestige innovation

Answer 2

Hypercorrection
Consistent with change in progress with pressures from above

Question 3

Indicators

Answer 3

Not suggestive of change in progress

Question 4

Change in Progress

Answer 4

time dimension
- apparent-time study

Question 5

Which class hypercorrects the most? why?

Answer 5

Lower Middle Class
- socially connected
-identify with that group in certain social settings and want to prove it

Question 6

Diffusion

Answer 6

• spatial variation and diffusion
  -certain features in certain locations
• spread among settlements

Question 7

Vernacular innovation

Answer 7

• change originating in lower classes (UWC)
• working class stands out from middle class
• Local prestige
• No pressure from above
• the MWC shift too

Question 8

Neighborhood effect

Answer 8

-all other things are the same
-people who live close to each other are more likely to speak similarly
speak more often
- denser social network

Question 9

4 patterns of language shift

Answer 9

1. Indicators
2. Markers
3. Prestige innovation
4. Vernacular innovation