What 3 things create multiculturalism?
Race: statement about an individual’s biological attributes
language: behaviors that individuals use to communicate with one another
Ethnic group: a group of ** i**ndividuals who share a common language, heritage, religion, or geography/nationality
What is the definition of Culture?
culture: statement about behaviors shared by a group (i.e., social practices, beliefs, values); these behaviors may influence (intentionally & unintentionally) communication [page 354]
What are 4 factors that contribute to communication differences among English speakers?
1.Regional dialect
2.Ethnic dialect
3.Register-speaking style that is characteristic of certain roles of social contexts (e.g. sales talk as compared to man-to-man talk; talk to children compared with talk to adults; children’s talk about toys compared with their talk about discipline; informal or formal)
4. Idolect-language characteristics that are unique to an individual (due to vocal tract anatomy, personal experience, etc. – own distinct combination)
What are some of the factors that effect billingual learning?
- code switching with child and family members language used in the home
- age of first exposure
- language used in the educational setting
- language used with peers
What are some of the rules for assessing if a child has a second language impariment?
- selected and administered to avoid discrimination
- administered in child’s native language
- Use dynamic assessment as a process oriented strategy which evaluates a child’s ability to learn [Test-teach-retest approach] (vs. product-oriented norm-referenced tests)
What are some test bias that may effect testing?
- Cultural (e.g., stories, question & answer series)
- Examiner sensitivity (e.g., recognize differences of linguistic and cultural characteristics)
- Examiner expectations (e.g., if assume will do poorly may not allow for more time to respond to questions, etc.)
- Over interpretation – (e.g., assuming ability based on performance on one test only)
- Linguistic – (e.g., idioms, vocabulary reinforcers used)
What is the definition of an AAC device by ASHA?
AAC is typically viewed as a system. One definition is that of ASHA (1991) which states that AAC is an integrated group of components, including the symbols, aids, strategies and techniques used by individuals to enhance communication. The system serves to supplement any gestural, spoken, and/or written communication abilities.
Who provides AAC interventions?
- SLPs
- OTs
- PTs
- Technical Staff
- Regular & Special Educators
- Family members
- Optometrists
- Audiologists
What are types of AAC devices?
- Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS; Frost & Bondy, 1994)
- Sign language (AND GESTURES)
- Interactive communication books
- Communication cue cards
- Voice output communication aids (VOCA)
- (high tech and low tech)
What are the steps in the hierachy of symbolic presentation?
- Real objects
- Representational objects
- Digital photographs
- Representational pictures
- Printed word / Text
What are some of the benefits of using an AAC device?
- Helps child attend to communicative interactions
- Clarifies the meaning of spoken language
- Provides a means of communication
- Expands the range of communicative functions
- Provides a retrieval cue about what to say (children with speech)
- Decreases reliance on verbal prompts (children with speech)
- Increases spontaneity
What are the 2 types of Brain Injury?
Localized or focal-Confined to specific areas of brain
Diffuse lesions-Spread out over many brain regions
What are the 3 ways nerve cells are killed?
1. Directly
Mechanical shearing
Lack of oxygen
2. Indirectly
Degeneration of connections with nerve cells
3. Inadvertently
Electrical overstimulation
What is the prevalene of TBI’s in the U.S?
- 2,685 deaths
- 37,000 hospitalizations
- 435,000 ER visits
