How many layers are and who has described them
- 3 layers
- Seebacher
Layer 1 contains:
1)
2)
3)
1) superficial fascia (fascia lata)
2) ITB
3) biceps femoris (with its expansion posteriorly)
Layer 2 contains:
1)
2)
1) quadriceps retinaculum anteriorly
2) posteriorly two patellofemoral ligaments
Layer 3 is composed of the ________
lateral capsule
posterior capsule is divided into two laminae, what are they
1) deep lamina is composed of the coronary ligament and the arcuate ligament
2) superficial lamina - original capsule - consists of the LCL and the fabellofibular ligament
who passes between the two laminae
inferior lateral geniculate artery
Which layer is the ALL
layer 3
ITB insertion
Gerdy’s tubercle on the tibia. Some fibers proceed to the tibial tuberosity
Origin of the biceps femoris
long head –> ischial tuberosity
short head –> lateral lip of the linea aspera
Innervation of the biceps femoris
Both heads is derived from the sciatic nerve.
- long head –> tibial branch
- short head –> common popliteal nerve
Insertion of the biceps femoris
common tendon around the LCL insertion on the fibular styloid then divides into three layers
3 layers of the biceps femoris insertion
- superficial layer –> wide expansion proximal tibia
- middle layer –> envelops the LCL and is separated from the ligament by a bursa
- deep layer –> bifurcates and inserts on the fibular styloid and on the tibia at Gerdy’s tubercle
function of the biceps femoris
- knee flexor
- additionally acts as a weaker hip extensor and external rotator of the tibia
- static and dynamic stabilizer of the lateral aspect of the knee, especially as the knee flexes beyond 30 degrees
lateral patellar retinaculum is composed of two major components:
- superficial oblique retinaculum
- deep transverse retinaculum
The superficial oblique retinaculum runs superficially from the _____ to the ______
- ITB
- patella
The deep transverse retinaculum consists of three major components:
1) epicondylopatellar band (transverse patellofemoral ligament)
2) transverse retinaculum
3) patellotibial band
who in 1878 initially partially recognized the ALL and who recently described it
Segond - Claes et al
origin of the ALL
prominence of the lateral femoral epicondyle just anterior to and distinct from the origin of the LCL
attachments of the ALL
lateral meniscus and anterolateral tibia midway between Gerdy’s tubercle and the tip of the fibular head
what does the ALL control
- internal rotation of the tibia (at flexion greater than 35 degrees)
Segond fracture, what is it
associated with ACL injury, is an avulsion, with a fleck of bone, of the insertion of the ALL from the anterolateral tibia
origin and attachments of the LCL
- lateral epicondyle of the femur, anterior to the origin of the gastrocnemius
- head of the fibula, where it blends with the insertion of the biceps femoris
Two to three sequential images are usually required to visualize the LCL because of the _____ course of the ligament
oblique
fabellofibular ligament, what is it
condensation of fibers lying between the LCL and arcuate ligaments that runs from the fabella (sesamoid bone found in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius) to the fibular styloid
