Provides logical addressing (IP)
Internet layer
Routing packets across interconnected networks
Internet layer
Determining the best path through routers
Internet layer
Provides end-to-end communication between hosts
Host to Host layer
Supports reliability through acknowledgments and retransmissions (TCP)
Host to Host layer
Handles segmentation and reassembly of data
Host to host layer
Offers port numbers to identify services (e.g., HTTP, SSH, SMTP)
Host to host layer
Defines how data is physically sent over the medium
Network Access Layer
Handles framing, physical signaling, and media access
Network Access Layer
Governs how the network interface card (NIC) communicates
Network Access Layer
Manages MAC addressing, error detection at the link level, and link-layer protocols
Network Access Layer
Ensures data can be placed onto and taken off the physical network
Network Access Layer
Handles packet fragmentation and reassembly across diverse networks
Internet Layer
Enables communication between different physical network technologies
Internet Layer
Enables flow control and error recovery
Host to host Layer
Contains the protocols applications use to interact with the network
Application Layer
Defines how applications format, send, and interpret data
Application Layer
Supports user-level functions like web browsing, email, file transfer
Application Layer
