1
Q
Sections of vertebral column
A
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
2
Q
How many vertebrae in the cervical section
A
7
3
Q
How many vertebrae in the thoracic section
A
12
4
Q
How many vertebrae in the lumbar section
A
5
5
Q
How many vertebrae in the sacral section
A
4 to 5 fused vertebrae
6
Q
what is the vestigial tail
A
coccyx
7
Q
What is the order of the 5 sections
A
8
Q
Basic Structural Elements of a Vertebra
A
- Corpus (body): weight-bearing
- Spinous process & transverse process
- Foramen: allows nerve and vascular passage
- Articulatory facets: gliding joints (synovial) b/w vert.
- Lamina: curved bone
- Pedicle: attach to body
9
Q
What is the Atlas
A
Cervical vertebrae 1
- supports the skull; allows nodding motion
10
Q
What is Axis
A
Cervical vertebrae 2
- Contains dens (odontoid process); allows head rotation
11
Q
What is the odontoid process?
A
Prevents injury to upper spinal cord by limiting pivoting
12
Q
What are the missing labels?
A
13
Q
What are true ribs
A
1-7
Attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilage
14
Q
What are false ribs
A
8-10
Connect to sternum indirectly via cartilage of the rib above
15
Q
Floating ribs
A
11-12
do not attach to the sternum
16
Q
Sternum segments
A
- Manubrium: facet for collar bone and 1st rib
- Corpus: facets for remaining ribs
- Xiphoid process: The exact function of the xiphoid process is not fully understood.
17
Q
ribs are attached
A
Via costal cartilages and costosternal joints
18
Q
A
19
Q
Costo-sternal joints
A
- Amphiarth - cartilaginous
- Includes array of ligaments to attach ribs
- the articulation between the ribs and the sternum
20
Q
A
21
Q
Costo-Central Joint:
A
Gliding joint created between body of vertebrae and head of rib
22
Q
Costo-Transverse Joint:
A
Gliding joint created between transverse process of vertebrae and shaft of rib
23
Q
Which is the central and which is the transverse joint?
A
24
Q
Pump Handle Movement:
A
Movement of the upper ribs.
Increases superior-anterior movement of the sternum.
25
Bucket Handle Movement:
Movement of the lower ribs.
Elevation of lateral rib shift
26
Pectoral girdle
27
Pelvic girdle structures to know
Ilium, Sacrum, Pubic Arch
28
Sternocleidomastoid
- Elevate sternum & clavicle, consequently lifting up upper ribs.
- Inspiration requires volume increase; cannot increase without rib movement
inspiration
29
Scalenes (posterior, middle, anterior)
- active during quick inhalation
- when not breathing, stabilize & flex
inspiration
30
Pectoralis Major
- Elevate sternum & rib if the arm is stable
- increases transverse (cross-section) dimension of rib cage
inspiration
31
Pectorialis Minor
- assits to depress the shoulder, but if shoulder is fixed, it'll elevate elevate ribs 3-5
- assits in respiration
inspiration
32
Subclavius
- fixing clavicle will allow subclavius to elevate rib 1
inspiration
33
Serratus anterior
- elevation of lower 9 ribs if scapula is fixated
- lowers arm from a raised position
inspiration
34
Trapezius
- stabilize shoulder and indirectly the rib cage: allows other respiration muscles to work more efficiently
- "shrug shoulders"
- effects head movement
inspiration
35
Diaphragm
- flattens, drive central tendon inferiorly, inhalation
- increase the volume of thorax and this create inward airflows and negative pressure changes
inspiration
36
Intercostals
- external: raise the ribs; nearer the vertebral end
- internal: muscles exerts upward pull to raise the ribs; lie deep to externals
inspiration
37
Levator Costarum
- slight elevation of posterior rib cage
inspiration
38
Serratus posterior superior
- elevate ribs 2-5
inspiration
38
Serratus posterior inferior
- rib lowering to help with expiration
Thoracic expiration
39
internal intercostal interosseous
- depress and lower ribs 1-11
Thoracic expiration
40
Transversus Thoracics
- lowering of costal cartilages 2-6
thoracic expiration
41
Quadratus lumborum
- downward pull on the 12th rib (exhalation) or more likely postural control of lower thorax and assisting in abdominal compression activities
abdominal expiration
42
Latissimus Dorsi
- if lats contract as a unit, compresses posterior abdominal wall and assisting expiration
abdominal expiration
43
External Abdominal Oblique
- lowers ribs and antagonistic to diaphragm; also compresses front and sides of abdom inward
abdominal expiration
44
Internal Abdominal Oblique
- bilateral activation lowers ribs, compresses abd, rotates & flexes trunk
abdominal expiration
45
Rectus Abdominis
- depress rib cage and flexion of torso. can also force abdominal wall inward
abdominal expiration
46
Transverse abdominal
- antagonist to diaphragm. compress abdominal contest and sides inward
abdominal expiration
47
Muscles most active during speech
Inspiration
- diaphragm: primary muscle for inhalation
- external intercostals: active during tidal events
- internal intercostals (interchondral)
Expiration
- Internal intercostals: primary muscle generating pulse-like variations in expiratory effort to alter lung pressure during speech.
- Rectus Abdominis: antagonistic to diaphragm. Active during LOUD speech. Complementary to internal intercostal activity.
- Transverse, internal, external obliques
48
Tidal Volume (TV)
- volume of air inhaled and exhaled during any single inspiratory/expiratory cycle
Adult male at rest ~ 700 cc
Light work ~ 1,500 cc
Heavy work ~ 2,000 cc
49
Minute volume (MV)
- 6 to 9 liters per minute adults
~ 12 TV events per minute (500-700 air/cycle)
50
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
- quantity of air which be inhaled beyond that already inhaled in a tidal volume cycle
51
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
- quantity of air which can be exhaled after a quiet or passive exhalation
52
Residual Volume (RV)
- quantity of air that remains in lungs and airways after a maximum exhalation
53
With high activity what happens to IRV, TV, ERV
IRV & ERV decrease and TV increases (quicker breaths per second)
54
Lung capacities
55
How does the anatomy of the resp. system contribute to lung volume changes?
Natural resting state
- lung tissues shrink
- thoracic tissues expand
Lungs and thorax tissues exert a recoil force that is opposite in sign (direction) from each other
56
What do you get when tissues are linked?
A mechanically stable system that balances opposing forces, allowing passive resting state.
57
What does coupling allow that separation wouldn’t?
Breathing! Muscular effort can change lung volume through the pleural linkage.
58
Define resting state (FRC)?
Lung volume at which lung’s inward recoil = chest wall’s outward recoil. No muscle effort; alveolar pressure = atmospheric; intrapleural pressure is negative.
59
60
Pleural linkage importance
- lungs cannot move on their own, requires movement
- pleural linkage keeps the lungs stuck to the rib cage
61
intra-pleural space is positive or negatively pressured
negatively
62
63
64
Relationship between pressure and area
inversely proportional
65
what is the pressure equation
P = force/area
66
Lung pressure is the key for
sounds
67
What is a U-tube manometer? How does it work?
Measures air pressure (in cm H₂O) by showing how much a column of water is displaced due to applied pressure.
Pressure applied to one side pushes water down; it rises on the other. The height difference = pressure.
68
positive air pressure pushes the column of water
forward and up
69
Air pressure on one side of the tube will be ____ than the pressure on the other side
greater
70
If the lid on the sealed jar that registered NEGATIVE air pressure inside, where suddenly removed.
Air would flow into the container
71
If the lid on the sealed jar that registered POSITIVE air pressure inside, where suddenly removed.
air would flow out of the container
72
The pressure differences b/w the inside of the jar and the environment produces a GRADIENT.
Your resp. system will try to return back to equilibrium
73
known pressure value
atmospheric pressure
- P atm = 1
74
Explain this
1. The piston (gray bar) isn’t pushing or pulling — it’s in equilibrium.
Pressure inside = Pressure outside → no air movement.
2. You push down on the piston → volume decreases to 5 L.
- Gas molecules now have less space, they hit the walls more often → pressure increases to 2 atm.
- The inside pressure (2 atm) is greater than the outside pressure (1 atm).
→ That’s why it’s labeled positive pressure.
3. You pull up on the piston → volume increases to 20 L.
- Gas molecules spread out, hitting the walls less → pressure drops to 0.5 atm.
- Inside pressure (0.5 atm) is less than outside pressure (1 atm).
75
Why is boyle's law important
When you inhale, your diaphragm moves down → lung volume increases → pressure inside lungs drops → air flows in.
When you exhale, diaphragm moves up → lung volume decreases → pressure increases → air flows out.
76
Different air pressures and their labels:
77
Where are those pressures located?
78
CSD 578 Anatomy
flashcards
Decks in class (4)
# Cards
