Learning and Memory

Question 1

Thorn”dike”

Law of effect

Answer 1

• Cats in “puzzle box”
• Law of effect
  
  • satisfying consequences increase occurance
  • dissatisfying consequence decrease repeatition

Question 2

Skinner

reinforcement + or -

Answer 2

• • reinforcement increases or maintains behavior=reward
• • reinforcement increase when stimulus removed=relief
• • punishment decrease when stimulus is applied=pain
• • punishment decrease when stimulus taken away=loss

Question 3

Operant Extinction

extinction burst

Answer 3

initially produces an temporary increase in behavior then decrease

Question 4

Operant Extinction

Behavioral Contrast

Answer 4

two different behaviors were being reinforced one is stopped, other behavior is likely to increase

Question 5

Reinforcement Schedules

Fixed Interval & Ratio

Variable Interval & Ratio

Answer 5

• Fixed interval- low rate response
• Variable interval- steady but relatively low rate response
• Fixed Ratio- steady & relatively high rate response
• Varible Ratio- highest rate of response & greatest2 resist

Question 6

Reinforcement

Thinning

Answer 6

• reduce # of reinforcement
• examples switch from continuous to intermittent schedule
• increases resistance to thinning

Question 7

Positive Reinforces

Primary and Secondary

Answer 7

• Primary reinforcer-needs related to survival
  
  • water, food
• Secondary reinforcer- neutral that become reinforcer based on primary
  
  • tokens, praise, MONEY

Question 8

Stimulus Control

+ discriminative stimulus (SD)

• discriminative stimulus (S-delta)

Answer 8

• • SD signals reinforcement will happen
• • S-Delta signals reinforcement will NOT happen

Question 9

Stimulus Control

two-factor learning

and discrimination training

Answer 9

• combination of operant & classical conditioning
• • reinforcement is operant conditioning
• • SD without -SD is discrimination training (classical conditioning)

Question 10

Reinforcement

Fading

Answer 10

gradually removing prompts once behavior is established

Question 11

Escape vs Avoidance Conditioning

Answer 11

• Escape- can get away from unpleasant thing once it occurs
• Avoidance-two factor learning
  
  • ​person learns when unpleasant stimulus is coming and avoids it all together
  • electric shock is conditioned stim (classical)
  • jumping barrier after light blicking B4 shock is negative reinforcement (operant conditioning)

Question 12

Habituation

Answer 12

• gradual decline in fz in magnitude of response
• this is why punishment over time is less effective person habituates (becomes used to it)