Learning and Memory

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

Decreased response to repeated stimulus; Becoming used to a stimulus

Question 2

Dishabituation

Answer 2

Recovery of response after a change in stimulus; occur when a second stimulus intervenes (Causing a resensitization to the original stimulus)

Question 3

Associative Learning

Answer 3

Pairing two stimuli or a behavior with a response

Question 4

Classical Conditioning

Answer 4

A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a biologically meaningful stimulus, leading to a learned response

Question 5

Operant Conditioning

Answer 5

Behavior is changed through the use of consequences

Question 6

Reinforcement

Answer 6

Increases the likelihood of a behavior

Question 7

Punishment

Answer 7

Decreases the likelihood of a behavior

Question 8

Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 8

Defines how often reinforcement is delivered; fixed ratio, Variable ratio, Fixed interval, Variable interval

Question 9

Observational learning

Answer 9

Learning by watching others

Question 10

Encoding

Answer 10

Process of putting new information into memory ; It can be automatic or effortful (Controlled) ; Semantic encoding is stronger than both acoustic and visual encoding

Question 11

Sensory memory

Answer 11

• Ionic (visual)
• Echoic (Auditory)

Question 12

Short-term memory

Answer 12

20-30 seconds (7 to 2 items)

Question 13

Sensory + Short Term memory

Answer 13

Based on neurotransmitter activity

Question 14

Working memory

Answer 14

Actively manipulating info (Requires hippocampus, frontal and parietal lobes)

• Requires short-term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate info

Question 15

Long term memory

Answer 15

Requires elaborative rehearsal and is the result of increased neuronal connectivity

• Explicit (Declarative) ; requires conscious recall (Episodic - events) (Semantic -facts)
• Implicit (Non-declarative) ; unconscious ; stores skills and conditioning effects

Question 16

How are facts stored ?

Answer 16

Via Semantic Networks

Question 17

Recognition of info is stronger than recall true or false ?

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Retrieval

Answer 18

Often based on priming interconnected nodes of the semantic network

• Recall, recognition, relearning

Question 19

How can memories be lost ?

Answer 19

Disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Korsakoff’s syndrome, or agnosia, decay, or interference

Question 20

Long-term potentiation

Answer 20

Responsible for the conversion of short-term to long-term memory, is the strengthening of neuronal connections resulting from increased neurotransmitter release and adding of receptor sites