1
Q
What are the assumptions for the learning approach - behaviourism?
A
- humans are born as a blank state
- all bhv is learnt from env so therefore can be unlearn
- (our bhv is all due to learning so free will is not possible)
2
Q
what is the AO1 in general for the learning approach - behaviourism?
A
- watson rejected introspection claiming it was too subjective + not measurable
- so behaviourists only study bhv that can be observed and measured so rely on lab exp as these are a better way to objectively measure bhv + maintain control
- bhvsts believe animals can replace humans in research as they learn the same way
3
Q
what are the two features of the behaviourist approach?
A
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
4
Q
who studied classical conditioning
(AO1)
A
- pavlov exp how bhv is learnt through stimulus, response and association
5
Q
describe the process of classical conditioning
(AO1)
A
- neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus = unconditioned response which is auto not learnt
- if pairing is repeated, indv learns to associate NS + UCS
- NS then becomes a conditioned stimulus = conditioned response
6
Q
describe pavlovs research
(AO1)
A
- C.C learnt through stimulus, response and association, pavlov showed dogs could be conditioned to salivate to a bell, in a controlled env
- dogs were presented with the food = UCS
- pavlov rang a bell at the same time = NS
- he repeated this process many times
- dogs learnt to associate food (UCS) with noise of bell (NS)
- bell became CS
- causing CR of salivation everytime dog heard it
7
Q
define operant conditioning and what these rewards/punishments do in terms of bhv
A
- learn bhv through consequences of rewards (reinforcement) and punishment
- positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of bhv being repeated
- whereas punishement decreases the likelihood of the bhv being repeated
8
Q
Define positive reinforcement
A
- when reward is given for a bhv, this bhv is encouraged
- so bhv is repeated to gain the same reward
9
Q
How did skinner use positive reinforcement in his research?
A
- hungry rat was placed in a box
- everytime the rat pressed the lever, rat was rewarded with food
- bhv was repeated as the rat was conditioned to press lever thru pos reinforcement to receive same reward
10
Q
Define negative reinforcement
A
- doing a bhv to avoid an unpleasant consequence
- so bhv is repeated to avoid this negative consequence again
11
Q
How did skinner use negative reinforcement in his research?
A
- skinner ran an electrical current across the floor of the box, this caused the rat discomfort
- when the rat pressed the lever, current would stop
- rat repeated this bhv as it had learned by pressing the lever, unpleasant consequence of pain is avoided
12
Q
Define punishment
A
Receiving an unpleasant consequence for bhv to stop bhv being repeated
