What type of guidance is SLT?
Visual guidance
What is observational/social leaning theory?
Coping the behaviour of other especially when reinforced by a significant other
What are the characteristics of SLT?
- associative with replicating a demo
- provides a visual image to be copied
- more powerful than a lengthy description
- good for a stages of leaning (beginner sees the skill and expert highlights cues from the demo)
What is bandura’s model? (ARMM)
- Attention (takes note of demo)
- Retention (remembers the demo and highlights key points to reduce info overload)
- Motor reproduction (needs physical ability to attempt to copy the movement)
- Motivated (need to be motivated to do so. External reinforcement will increase motivation)
Why are skills often copied?
- to achieve success
- to be praised/reward
What makes an effective demo?
- break down into sub routines (reduce info overload)
- recognisable cues
- make it interesting
- short amount of time after demo and before replication
- see it from different angles and speeds (iPad)
- Repeat the demo
- clear and consise
What is cognitive/insight learning theory?
Theory by gestalts where the we learn by thinking about the skill and developing a full understanding into the skill
What are the characteristics of cognitive learning theory?
- whole method of learning, which may take a long time to work out themselves
- more intelligent beginners will work it out quicker
- students have to draw upon previous experiences to help then solve the problem
- Leaner has to have insight in how to solve the problem
- they need to get good knowledge of understanding of the skill
- mental rehearsal is important
- the whole skill should be presented in real situation so they can consider interfering variables which gains them better understanding of the skill
How are are skills learnt through operant conditioning?
The learner forms and strengthens a stimulus-response bond. The learner associates a certain stimulus with a response. Any new action is referred to as a conditioned response
How is the S-R bond strengthened?
Reinforcement - praise
Who was the scientist for operant conditioning and what did he believe?
Skinner and he believed behaviour could be changed or modified if it was directed towards a stimulus
What ways can a learners S-R bond be created by the manipulation if the response and use of pos and neg reinforcement?
- set a challenge and the learners use trail and error to solve it. Behaviour can be manipulated by reinforcement such as punishment so they know what’s wrong
- this shapes the correct behaviour
- when the correct response is done pos reinforcement (praise) is given
What is the definition of schema?
A generalised series of movement patterns which are modified depending on the situation and the environment
What are the sources of information in schmidt’s schema learning theory?
- same skills can be used in different sports because the performer develops a set of ‘generalized movements’
- recall schema = stores info and initiates the movement - position of the body(happens before the action)
- recognition schema = controls and evaluates the movement - KOP (takes place during and after movement)
What are the memory items for recall and recognition schema?
1) initial conditions (before movement) this is the input eg environment, body position, position of other players
2) response specification (assessing what to do) what limbs to movement, speed, distance, objective etc
3) sensory consequence (gathering the kinesthetic feel) knows whether they performed to movement right or not
4) knowledge of results outcome (info about the result of the movement compared to objective) was it successful
How are schemas developed?
- varied practice (build experiences)
- practiced skills are transferable from training to the game situation
- feedback to improve skills
- giving praise and positive reinforcement
- practicing a range of skills so they are overlearned
