lec 1

Question 1

approx how many times a day do humans swallow?

Answer 1

500

Question 2

T or F: you can swallow normally and voice at the same time

Answer 2

false (swallow + voice = aspiration)

Question 3

define the following planes:
a) sagittal
b) anteroposterior
c) oblique

Answer 3

a) side view
b) face-on
c) between sagittal and A-P

Question 4

what are the relevant positions to swallowing studies? (4)

Answer 4

1. supine
2. sitting w head raised to x degrees
3. tilted
4. flexed

Question 5

when is the mandible fixed vs hinged?

Answer 5

• fixed during swallowing
• hinged during mastication

Question 6

which vertebrae provide structure for the pharynx?

Answer 6

C1-7

Question 7

kyphosis vs lordosis vs scoliosis?

Answer 7

• kyphosis: posterior curve of thoracic spine
• lordosis: anterior curve of lumbar spine
• scoliosis: lateral curve of spine

Question 8

C1 is known as ___ and C2 is known as ___

Answer 8

• atlas
• axis

Question 9

what do C1-C2 support vs C3-C7?

Answer 9

• C1-C2: head and neck
• C3-C7: posterior pharyngeal wall

Question 10

which muscles is the hyoid bone connected to? (2)

Answer 10

• mylohyoid
• digastric

Question 11

how many deciduous vs permanent teeth do people have?

Answer 11

• deciduous: 20
• permanent: 32

Question 12

define:
a) class 1 occlusion
b) class 2 malocclusion
c) class 3 malocclusion

Answer 12

• class 1: maxillary incisors slightly overlapping mandibular incisors (typical)
• class 2: overbite
• class 3: underbite

Question 13

relevant cartilages? (4)

Answer 13

1. thyroid
2. cricoid
3. epiglottis
4. arytenoids

Question 14

during swallowing, what is the tongue tip vs tongue base/root opposed by?

Answer 14

• tongue tip: alveolar ridge
• tongue base/root: posterior pharyngeal wall

Question 15

innervation of fungiform vs circumvallate papillae for taste?

Answer 15

• fungiform: CN 7 (facial)
• circumvallate: CN 9 (glossopharyngeal)

Question 16

what happens if the soft palate does not completely close during swallowing?

Answer 16

nasal expulsion of contents

Question 17

what are the 3 sets of posterior pharyngeal muscles?

Answer 17

1. superior constrictor
2. middle constrictor
3. inferior constrictor

Question 18

function of posterior pharyngeal muscles?

Answer 18

contract to aid bolus travel (“pharyngeal squeeze”)

Question 19

where is the cricopharyngeus muscle? origin and insertion?

Answer 19

• bottom portion of inferior constrictor
• origin = cricoid cartilage
• insertion = median pharyngeal raphe

Question 20

which cartilage do the pharyngeal constrictors connect to?

Answer 20

thyroid

Question 21

what makes up the upper esophageal sphincter (UES)? (3)

Answer 21

1. inferior constrictor
2. cricopharyngeus
3. upper fibers of esophagus

Question 22

what does the UES do at rest?

Answer 22

remains closed, preventing food from entering/exiting the esophagus

Question 23

describe the type of muscle that makes up the esophagus

Answer 23

• first 1/4 = striated muscle
• second 1/4 = striated/smooth muscle
• distal 1/2 = smooth muscle

Question 24

T or F: the esophagus is contracted at rest

Answer 24

false, collapsed* at rest

Question 25

approx how long is the esophagus?

Answer 25

20cm

Question 26

T or F: food should NOT remain in the lateral and anterior sulci

Answer 26

true

Question 27

anterior vs posterior border of the following... a) nasopharynx b) oropharynx c) laryngopharynx

Answer 27

a) soft palate - uvula b) uvula tip - epiglottis tip (at rest) c) epiglottis tip - arytenoids

Question 28

where are the valleculae vs pyriform sinuses?

Answer 28

- valleculae: between tongue base/root and epiglottis - pyriform sinuses: gap b/w pharyngeal constrictors and larynx during swallowing

Question 29

approx how many L of saliva are produced per day?

Answer 29

0.75-1.5

Question 30

name the 3 salivary glands, where they are located, and how much saliva each produces?

Answer 30

1. parotid: over ramus, 25% 2. sublingual: under tongue, 5% 3. submandibular: under mandible, 70%

Question 31

which salivary gland is the largest?

Answer 31

parotid

Question 32

why is saliva critical for swallowing and oral health? (3)

Answer 32

1. antibacterial and antacid properties 2. makes bolus manageable 3. reduces friction b/w oral mucosa and bolus

Question 33

3 causes of drooling?

Answer 33

1. poor lip closure 2. overproduction of saliva 3. inability to swallow saliva

Question 34

4 stages of swallowing?

Answer 34

1. oral preparatory 2. oral propulsion 3. pharyngeal 4. esophageal

Question 35

components of oral prep phase? (6)

Answer 35

1. labial seal 2. facial tone 3. rotary jaw 4. lateral tongue movement 5. anterior pulling of soft palate 6. salivation

Question 36

what does the tongue do during the oral propulsion phase?

Answer 36

elevates ant - post and lat - med, pushing bolus down into oropharynx