1
Q
Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology:
External Genitals Organs
A
- Mons Pubis
- Labia Majora
- Labia Minora
- Clitoris
- Vestibule of the Vagina
2
Q
Vestibule of the Vagina
A
- External urethral orifice
- Vestibule Glands
- Vaginal opening
- Hymen
3
Q
Vestibule Glands
A
- Paraurethral glands (Skene’s Gland)
- Bartholin Glands
4
Q
Internal Reproductive Organs
A
- Fallopian Tube
- Ovary
- Uterus
- Cervix
- Endometrium
- Myometrium
- Vagina
5
Q
The female bony pelvis has two unique functions:
A
- To support and protect the pelvic contents.
(SUPPORT AND PROTECT) - To form the relatively fixed axis of the birth passage.
(FORM AXIS OF BIRTH PASSAGE)
6
Q
4 Bones of the Pelvis:
A
- 2 Innominate Bones
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
7
Q
Acetabular fossa
A
- Illium
- Ischium
3 Pubis
8
Q
Innominate Bones
A
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
- Sacrum
9
Q
________ is the broad upper prominence of the hip.
A
Ilium
10
Q
__________ is the strongest bone, is under the ilium and below the acetabulum.
A
Ischium
11
Q
________ forms the slightly bowed front portion of the innominate bones.
A
Pubis
12
Q
_________ wedge-shaped bone formed by the fusion of five vertebrae.
A
Sacrum
13
Q
Parts of Ilium
A
- Iliac Crest
- Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
- Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
- Posterior Superior Iliac Crest
- Iliac Fossa
- Iliopectineal Line or Linea Terminalis
14
Q
Parts of Ischium
A
- Ischial Tuberosity
- Ischial Spines
15
Q
Parts of Pubis
A
- Symphysis pubis
- Pubic Arch
16
Q
________ where the weight of the seated body rests.
A
Ischial Tuberosity
17
Q
_________ serves as reference points during labor.
A
Ischial Spines
18
Q
_________ is the point of union of the two pubic bones at the anterior midline.
A
Symphysis pubis
19
Q
__________ is the triangular space below the junction of the symphysis pubis.
A
Pubic Arch
20
Q
Clinical Significance: IF the angle formed is acute, it is very possible that the ischial spines are too _____ to one another resulting in a ______.
A
narrow pelvic cavity
21
Q
4 Parts of Sacrum
A
- Sacral Promontory
- Coccyx
- Sacrococcygeal Joint
- Symphysis Pubis
22
Q
__________ is a projection into the pelvic cavity on the anterior upper portion.
A
Sacral Promontory
23
Q
_________ is a small triangular bone last on the vertebral column.
A
Coccyx
24
Q
__________ is the point of coccygeal and sacral articulation, between the sacrum and the coccyx.
A
Sacrococcygeal Joint
25
__________ is the junction of the two pubic bones which are united by a pad of cartilage.
Symphysis Pubis
26
The Pelvic Ligaments
1. Sacroiliac Ligaments
2. Sacrotuberous Ligaments
3. Sacrospinous Ligaments
4. Sacrococcygeal Ligaments
27
___________ is the strongest in the whole body, connects the sacrum to the iliac bones on each side.
Sacroiliac Ligaments
28
_________ between the sacrum and the ischial tuberosities; one on each side.
Sacrotuberous Ligaments
29
__________ is between the sacrum and the ischial spines, one on each side.
Sacrospinous Ligaments
30
___________ is between the 5th and sacral vertebrae and the coccyx.
Sacrococcygeal Ligaments
31
Pelvic Diaphragm
1. Deep Fascia
2. Levator Ani
3. Coccygeal Muscles
32
Levator Ani
a. Iliococcygeus
b. Pubococcygeus
c. Puborectalis
d. Pubovaginalis
33
The Pelvic Divisions
1. False Pelvis
2. True Pelvis
34
___________ is the portion above the pelvic brim.
False Pelvis
35
_________ supports the weight of the enlarged uterus and directs the presenting fetal part into the true pelvis.
False Pelvis
36
_________ is the portion below the pelvic brim.
True Pelvis
37
__________ is made up of the sacrum, coccyx, and innominate bones and represents the bony limits of the birth canal.
True Pelvis
38
The True Pelvis has 3 major
1. Pelvic Inlet
2. Pelvic Cavity
3. Pelvic Outlet
39
The size and shape of the true pelvis must be adequate for normal ____ passage during labor and birth.
fetal
40
____________ is the upper border of the true pelvis is typically rounded
The Pelvic Inlet
41
___________ is a curved canal with a longer posterior than anterior wall.
The Pelvic Cavity
42
__________ is situated at the lower border of the true pelvis
Pelvic Outlet
43
Most common female pelvis (50%)
Gynecoid Pelvis
44
Posterior segment is broad, deep, and roomy, and the anterior segment is well rounded
Has a wide and round pubic arch
Gynecoid Pelvis
45
Inlet is rounded, with the AP diameter a little shorter than the T diameter
Gynecoid Pelvis
46
Normal male pelvis
Inlet is heart shaped
AP and T diameters adequate for birth
Android Pelvis
47
Has narrow sharp, and deep pubic arch
AP diameter is short, T diameter is narrow
Android Pelvis
48
Approximately 20% of female pelvis
Arrest of labor is frequent, requiring difficult forceps manipulation
Android Pelvis
49
Inlet is oval
Long AP diameter, short T diameter
Anthropoid Pelvis
50
Outlet has a normal or moderately narrow pubic arch
Posterior and anterior sagittal diameters extremely long
Approximately 25% of female pelvis
Anthropoid Pelvis
51
Inlet is a distinctly transverse oval
Refers to the flat female pelvis
Platypelloid Pelvis
52
Short AP and extremely short T diameter
Outlet has an extremely wide pubic arch
Only 5% of female pelvis
Platypelloid Pelvis
53
4 Pelvic Types
1. Gynecoid
2. Android
3. Anthropoid
4. Platypelloid
54
The Female Hormones
a. Estrogen
b. Progesterone
3. Prostaglandins
55
- Contributes to “Femaleness”
- Assists in the maturation of the ovarian follicles and cause endometrial proliferation
Estrogen
56
3 classical estrogens:
Estrone
B-Estradiol
Estriol
57
_______ controls the development of the female secondary sex characteristics:
Estrogen
1. Breast development
2. Widening of the hips
3. Deposits of tissue (fat) in the buttocks and mons pubis
58
ESTROGEN
Amount is greatest during the ___________ (follicular or estrogenic) phase of the menstrual cycle
proliferative
59
Estrogen inhibit ___ production and stimulate ___ production
Estrogen inhibit Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production and stimulate Luteinizing Hormone (LH) production
60
Uterine sensitivity to ____ increases
Uterine sensitivity to oxytocin increases
BY: Estrogen
61
_________ is secreted by the corpus luteum
Found in greatest amounts during the _____ (luteal or pregestational) phase of the menstrual cycle
Progesterone
62
Decreases uterine motility and contractility caused by estrogens
Causes the endometrium to further increase its supply of nutrients
Progesterone
63
Hormone of pregnancy
Prepares the breast for lactation
Progesterone
64
Oxygenated fatty acids that are produces by the cells of the endometrium
Prostaglandins
65
Two primary types of prostaglandins are:
groups E and F;
1. PGE - vasorelaxants/vasodilator
2. PGF - vasoconstrictor
66
NEUROHORMONAL BASIS
Organs that play a great part:
Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Ovaries
Uterus
67
Ovarian Cycle
The follicular phase (days 1 to 14)
The luteal phase (days 15 to 28)
** for a typical 28-day cycle
68
Follicular Phase
The immature follicle matures as a result of ___. The mature Graafian follicle appears on about the ___ day under ___ control of FSH and LH:
Cumulus oophorus
Zona pellucida
FSH
--
14th
---
dual
69
Follicular Phase
Just before ovulation, the mature ____completes its first _____ division, yielding a:
- polar body: a small cell
- secondary oocyte: which matures into an ____
Mittelschmerz: mid-cycle pain (for some)
- Body temperature increases about 0.3 - 0.6C
24-48 hours after ovulation
oocyte
--
meiotic
--
ovum
--
70
Luteal Phase
Begins when the ovum leaves its _____
Corpus luteum _____ from the ruptured ____
If the ovum is fertilized and implants in the _______, the fertilized egg begins to secrete ____.
follicle
--
develops
--
follicle
--
endometrium
--
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
71
__________ is an episodic uterine bleeding in response to cyclic hormonal changes
Menstruation
72
Average length of The Cycle:
28 days (Range: 23-35 days)
73
Average length of The Menses
4-6 days (Range: 2-9 days)
74
Age of Onset of the Cycle
11-13 years
75
Characteristics of Discharge
- Dark, Reddish color
- has a musty odor due to the decomposition of blood elements
- a mixture of secretion of uvular sebaceous gland.
- Amount of blood loss = 30-80 mL
- Amount of iron loss = 0.5-1 mg daily
76
Symptoms of Mens Cycle
1. Sensation of heaviness & weight in the pelvic region, mild backache & cramping
2. Slight nervous irritability - feeling of tenderness and anxiety
3. Bladder & GIT irritability
4. Changes in body weight = 1to 3 lbs. Shortly before the onset of menstruation w/c they lose promptly as menstruation begins
77
Phases of the Menstrual Cycle
1. Menstrual Phase
2. Proliferative Phase
3. Secretory Phase
4. Ischemic Phase
MCN
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