What are “popular” kids good at? (3)
- Initiating interaction
- Maintaining Interaction
- Resolving Conflict
What are the three types of poor peer relations? How do they score on peer relations tests?
- Rejected Child (disliked by many)
- Neglected Child (Few nominations)
- Controversial Child (Lots of likes and dislikes)
What are the two types of rejected child?
Aggressive-rejected (aggressive, disruptive)
Withdrawn-Rejected (unhappy, anxious)
What are typical characteristics of controversial children?
High on aggression and high on sociability
Define bullying
Intentional, repeated behaviour against weaker individuals for social power or status
What are the 4 types of bullying and are they overt or covert?
- Physical (overt)
- Verbal (overt)
- Relational (covert) (excluding)
- Cyberbullying
What are some differences between cyberbullying and traditional bullying?
- Anonymity
- It can happen 24/7
- Victims are at risk of losing privileges if reporting
What are characteristics of Erikson’s Cognitive Theory?
It is a stage like development of lifelong development where individuals need to resolve conflict to develop
At what ages will children BE ABLE TO begin categorizing things into concepts such as gender?
2
What is CAH?
It is the overproduction of androgens in females
What is an andorgen?
A male sex hormone
What does exposing animals prenatally to androgens lead to?
More male-type behaviour
What does CAH stand for?
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
What does CAH lead to physically in women?
- Ambiguous genitals
- More hair and acne
- Rapid growth during childhood
What does CAH lead to behaviourally in women?
Male typical play, and reduced female activities
Later in life the pattern is the same too
How do parents influence the gender typing of kids?
- They supply different expectations
- They buy different toys
- They interact more when the child engages in gender-typical activities
How do peers influence gender typing?
They praise gender typical activity and ridicule cross gender activity
What are the 4 ways to decrease gender typing?
- Model atypical gender behaviour
- Provide toys for both genders
3 Minimize language and media perpetuating gender stereotypes - Point out exceptions to gender stereotypes
When are peer relations increasingly important?
7-9 years old
What do peer relations consist of between 7-9 years of age?
- Seeking to be included
- Expecting prosocial behaviour from friends
What do peer relations consist of in early adolesence?
Hanging out in cliques (small groups of 5-10 with shared interests)
What do peer relations consist of in high school?
crowds with social identity
Why are peers important to children?
- They model behaviour
- They reinforce or punish behaviour
- Social comparison
What are the three reasons why friendships form in middle childhood?
Proximity, similarity, and trust
