Lecture 1

Question 1

What does CV disease include? (5)

Answer 1

• Coronay heart disease
• Angina
• Myocardial infarction
• Heart failure
• Stroke

Question 2

What is central to the pathogenesis of CV disease?

Answer 2

• Atherosclorosis
• Hypertension

Question 3

What is atherogenesis?

Answer 3

The process of atherosclorosis

Question 4

What are the 2 main functions of endothelial cells?

Answer 4

1. Act as a barrier between the blood and the blood vessels
2. Secrete proteins onto its surface that prevent clotting and keep blood flowing smoothly

Question 5

What is atherosclorosis?

Answer 5

Hardening of arteries, narrowing due to plaque.

Question 6

What does atherosclorosis cause?

Answer 6

Reduced blood flow to the heart

Question 7

What are the steps in atherosclerosis?

Answer 7

1. Endothelial gets irritated and damaged by smoking, high blood pressure , low density lipoproteins (LDL)
2. Endothelial damages and breaks down
3. This increases endothelial permeability
4. This allows LDLs to enter the vessel
5. LDL collect under the endothelial and start to b oxidised
6. This sends a signal to our bodies immune system to bring in monocytes which try to break up cholesterol
7. Monocytes convert to macrophages
8. Macrophages ingest LDL to form plaques

Question 8

What is atherosclerosis driven by?

Answer 8

• hypertension
• hyperlipideamia

Question 9

What is atherosclerosis complicated by?

Answer 9

• Diabtetes
• Pro inflammatory status

Question 10

What is the treatment for atherosclerosis?

Answer 10

• Life style modification and pharmcotherapy

Question 11

What are the life style modifications to treat atherosclerosis?

Answer 11

• Diet
• Exercise
• Stress reduction
• Smoking cessation

Question 12

What is the primary prevention to treat atherosclerosis?

Answer 12

Reduce lipid and platelet contribution to pathogenesis

Question 13

What are the ways to manage atherosclerosis?

Answer 13

• Reduce blood pressure which reduces atherogenesis, end organ. damage and cardiac workload
• Reduce cardiac workload: reduce oxygen demand, reduce ischemic arrythmias, reduce heart failure pathology
• Manage blood fluid volume and electrolyte balance