Lecture 1

Question 1

What is nutrition?

Answer 1

“The study of nutrients and other biologically active compounds in foods and in the body; sometimes also the study of human behaviours related to food”

Question 2

What does diet mean?

Answer 2

“The foods (including beverages) that a person usually eats and drinks”
Effect overtime vs. one bad thing

Question 3

6 Classes of Nutrients**

Answer 3

1. Water
2. Lipid (Fats)
3. Minerals
4. Carbohydrates
5. Protein
6. Vitamins
   *** Alcohol is not a nutrient as it actually interferes with body processes

Question 4

Overview of the body to nutrition

Answer 4

Lifetime of nourishment
- Body is constantly renewing its structures: muscle, bones, skin, blood
- Fat used and accumulated the body
- Best kind of foods support growth and maintenance of the body: strong muscles and bones, healthy skin, etc
- Too much or too little of a nutrient over time can have serious effects

Question 5

What is malnutrition? What is undernutrition and overnutrition?

Answer 5

Malnutrition: Any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy or nutrient intake or by imbalance of nutrients
Undernutrition: Nutrient or energy deficiencies
Overnutrition: Nutrient or energy excesses

Question 6

What are two common lifestyle habits that have more influence on long term health?

Answer 6

• Alc
• Smoking

Question 7

Nutrition and Chronic Disease

Answer 7

• Genetics and lifestyle, together with diet, can influence the risk of getting chronic diseases such as: heart disease, diabetes, some kinds of cancer, dental disease, adult bone loss

Question 8

What is chronic disease?

Answer 8

• Long duration, degenerative diseases characterized by deterioration of the body organs

Question 9

Nutritional Genomics

Answer 9

• Helps to determine an individual’s nutrient needs, fighting disease, etc
• How nutrients affect activity of genes and how genes affect activity of nutrients
• Also called molecular nutrition or nutrigenomics

Question 10

Genetics and nutrition on disease

Answer 10

• Some diseases are purely hereditary but some of these diseases can still be influenced by diet
• Some diseases are almost purely dietary (ex. vitamin deficiencies)
• Some disease are influenced by both genetics and nutrition (hypertension)

Question 11

What is energy?

Answer 11

• Capacity to do work
• Energy that fuels the human body comes indirectly from the sun via plants: eats plants, eat animals that eat plants
• Food energy is measured in Calories (kcalories)

Question 12

What is a calorie?

Answer 12

• Units by which energy is measured)
• 1000 calories = 1 kilocalorie
• 1 kilocalorie is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temp of 1kg of water by 1 degree

Question 13

Macronutrients

Answer 13

• Required in relatively large amounts per day
• (Usually grams/day)

Question 14

Micronutrients

Answer 14

• Required in small amounts per day
• (usually milligrams or micrograms/day)
  Vitamins/minerals

Question 15

Essential nutrients

Answer 15

• Nutrients a person must obtain from food because sufficient amounts cannot be made by the body
  i.e essential amino acids

Question 16

Inorganic nutrients

Answer 16

• Nutrients that contain no carbon
  Water and minerals

Question 17

Organic nutrients

Answer 17

• Nutrients that can be broken down to provide energy to the body
  Carbohydrates, lipids, protein

Question 18

Energy yielding nutrients

Answer 18

• Nutrients that can be broken down to provide energy to the body
  Carbohydrates, lipids, protein

Question 19

Nutrient Classifications: Macronutrients

Answer 19

• Carbohydrates
• Protein
• Lipids
• Water (may or may not be included)

Question 20

Nutrient Classifications: Micronutrients

Answer 20

• Vitamins
• Minerals

Question 21

Nutrient Classifications: Inorganic

Answer 21

• H2O
• Minerals

Question 22

Nutrient Classifications: Organic

Answer 22

• Carbs
• Protein
• Lipid
• Vitamins

Question 23

Nutrient Classifications: Non-Energy Yielding

Answer 23

• Minerals
• H2O
• Vitamins

Question 24

Nutrient Classifications: Energy Yielding

Answer 24

• Carbs
• Protein
• Lipids

Question 25

B-vitamins

Answer 25

Used in metabolic pathways as coenzymes

Question 26

Vitamins and minerals

Answer 26

Regulators that assist in all body processes, such as digestion and healing *Not energy yielding

Question 27

Alcohol

Answer 27

- Energy-yielding - Not a nutrient

Question 28

Energy Yielding Substances + How Much

Answer 28

- Carbohydrate: 4 kcal/g - Protein: 4 kcal/g - Fat: 9 kcal/g - Alcohol: 7 kcal/g Most energy dense nutrient -> be more kcal/g

Question 29

Can one live on only supplements?

Answer 29

*Yes *Elemental diets - Diets composed of purified ingredients can supply all the nutrients to people who cannot eat food - Ex: include enteral nutrition and TPN (total parenteral nutrition) - Liquid formulas are also advertised a meal replacements or insurance against malnutrition - Contain micronutrients and macronutrients but they are not superior to real foods - Can potentially lead to medical complications - Digestive tract is a dynamic system that responds to the food it receives (Sight, aroma, taste - if only fed through a vein - digestive organs atrophy) - Lack of digestive tract stimulation (may weaken the bodies defenses against certain infections) - Eating can offer both physical and emotional comfort

Question 30

Foods are chemically complex what do they include? (2)

Answer 30

Include nutrients and non nutrients - non nutrients include phytochemicals Phytochemicals: "non nutrient compounds that are found in plant-derived foods and have biological activity in the body"

Question 31

What are enriched foods and fortified foods?

Answer 31

- Foods which have had nutrients added "If the starting material is a whole food such as milk or a whole grain, it may be a nutritious food" "If the starting material is high in fat or sugar, the result may be less nutritious"

Question 32

What are functional foods?

Answer 32

"A term that reflects an attempt to define as a group the foods known to possess nutrients or non nutrients that might lend protection against diseases" - Ex: orange juice with calcium

Question 33

Natural foods

Answer 33

Has no legal definition. Often used in advertising.

Question 34

Super foods

Answer 34

Has no legal definition. Often used in fads.

Question 35

Processed foods

Answer 35

"foods subject to any milling, alteration in texture, additives, cooking or others" - Processed foods can be nutritious or not - Canada's food guide recommends limiting highly processed foods

Question 36

Nutraceutical

Answer 36

A term used to describe a product that has been isolated from food often sold in pill form

Question 37

Staple foods

Answer 37

Foods used frequently or daily

Question 38

5 Characteristics of Planning and Recognizing a Nutritious Diet

Answer 38

1. Adequacy: Providing all of the essential nutrients, fibre, and energy in sufficient amounts to maintain health and body weight 2. Balance: Providing foods of a number of different types in proportion to each other, such that foods some rich in some nutrients do not replace foods that are rich in other nutrients 3. Calorie-Control: Control of energy intake - nutrient density; a measure of the nutrients provided per kcalorie of food *the more nutrients and the fewer calories, the higher the nutrient density (highest: non starchy veggies) 4. Moderation 5. Variety