What is the difference between an innate and adaptive immune system?
innate immunity
- the first line of defence that is present at birth and it non-adaptive and non-specific
adaptive immunity
- reacts to specific antigens and retains memory of those antigens
Once in the body, what does a pathogen need to do to actually cause a disease?
- break the physical and chemical barrier
- survive innate defences
- surmount adaptive immunity
What are opportunistic fungi?
pathogenic fungi that don’t cause disease in healthy individuals, only immune compromised
What do the antimicrobial chemical barriers do, where are the found, and list an example?
they lyse microbial cells and some peptides, found in granules, ex: saliva attacks histatins (fungi)
What is the autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine cytokines?
Autocrine - same cell secretes and receives signal
Paracrine - signal secreted to a nearby cell
Endocrine - signal goes to different cell far away
What is the complement system?
the circulation of proteins around the body to kill pathogens
What is the classical pathway of the complement system?
it uses antibodies to kill pathogens
What is the lectin pathway of the complement system?
it requires the synthesis of mannose binding lectin by the liver in response to macrophages
Describe the alternate pathway of the complement system?
- begins with the spontaneous cleaving of C3 which produces C3a and C3b
- C3a is released (causes inflammation)
- C3b binds to LPS having bacteria to create a C3bB complex
- complex D comes in and makes C3bBb
- propertin changes C3bBb to C5 convertase
- C5 convertase makes C5a and C5b
- C5a is released and C5b binds to C6 and C7 to form C5bC6C7 prepore complex
- the prepore complex is then joined by C8 and C9
- this forms a MAC pore complex which can lyse the cell membrane
What are commensal microbes?
microbes that make microbes, help digest food, prevent pathogen colonization, and prevent host tissue development
How can the microbiota influence obesity?
by harvesting energy from ingested food and triggering intestinal inflammation
What are anaphyltoxins?
inflammation inducers
For the adaptive immunity to respond to a antigen a second time, what conditions need to be met?
The antigen needs to be the EXACT same antigen that the immune system was exposed to the first time
What are the 3 components of innate immunity?
physical, chemical/cellular, and the normal microbiota
