Lecture 1- Normal versus Abnormal Development

Question 1

How have children been treated in the past?

Answer 1

• Traditionally children treated pretty poorly
• Used as laborers
• Those who were abnormal where shunted to the edge of society, seen as possessed, kept in cages etc.

Question 2

What does the UN convention say children have the right to?

Answer 2

1. Survival
2. Develop to fullest potential
3. Access to education
4. Protection from harm, abuse, and exploitation
5. Participate fully in family, cultural and social life
6. Have their views, wants, and needs respected

Question 3

What is the basic idea behind Erikson’s theory of child development?

Answer 3

• Believes children follow various stages in their development
• If something happens to disrupt these stages then their is long lasting negative effects

Question 4

What is stage 1 of Erickson’s child development theory? When does it occur? What is invovled?

Answer 4

Trust Versus Mistrust
1st year of life

-A feeling of trust is developed in an environment where the child feels physically comfortable and experiences a minimal amount of fear.
-Depends largely on the quality of the parent-child relationship.
-Sets the stage for seeing the world as a safe/pleasant/nice place to live
in.

Question 5

What is stage 2 of Erickson’s child development theory? When does it occur? What is invovled?

Answer 5

Autonomy versus shame and doubt
1-3 years old

• After gaining trust infants feel safe to assert their autonomy/independence.
• High restraint or harsh punishment during infancy can lead to a sense of shame and doubt in themselves.

Question 6

What is stage 3 of Erickson’s child development theory? When does it occur? What is invovled?

Answer 6

Initiative vs. guilt
Preschool (3-5 years old).

-Initiative adds to autonomy the quality of undertaking, planning, and attacking a task for the sake of being
active in meeting life’s challenges.
-Developing a sense of responsibility increases initiative.
-Guilt feelings may arise if the child is made to feel irresponsible or too anxious about successfully meeting
challenges.

Question 7

What is stage 4 of Erickson’s child development theory? When does it occur? What is invovled?

Answer 7

Industry versus inferiority
Middle and late childhood (5-12 years)

• Initiative leads to contact with new info which leads to mastery and knowledge.
• About celebrating successes, teaching then about perspectives on winning and losing. I.e. we all have our strengths
• Teachers play a significant role in a child’s feeling of inferiority/positive sense of self.

Question 8

What is stage 5 of Erickson’s child development theory? When does it occur? What is invovled?

Answer 8

Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescence (~12-18 years old)

• The adolescent is newly concerned with how they appear to others.
• Positive identity develops when the adolescent feels they have a clear role and positive path to follow into the future/adult life. There is a clear career/ social agenda to their life (social standing comes into it)
• If a positive future is not identified then role confusion occurs.

Question 9

What is the ask, say, do method taught in relation to stage 3 if Erikson’s model?

Answer 9

If they can’t describe how they would do say what to do.

If still can’t then do it with them

Pull it back so that eventually only have to ask

Question 10

In what stage of Erikson’s model of child development does depression and anxiety spike?

Answer 10

Stage 5: Identity vs Role confusion

Question 11

What act as additive effects in child development?

Answer 11

Peers, school, other family, siblings, parents

Question 12

What are four contributing factors to the environment a child grows up in?

Answer 12

• Individual (innate way the person responds to the world because of how they were born)
• Family
• Social/ community
• Wider society

Question 13

What are 5 biological factors that influence child development?

Answer 13

• Genes
• Inutero effects
• Brain structure
• Head injuries/illnesses (e.g., encephalitis)
• Gender

Question 14

What are 5 Psychological factors that influence abnormal child development?

Answer 14

Temperament
• Self-esteem
• Coping
• Emotion Regulation
• Cognitions (thinking influences how we feel about a situation)

Question 15

What three Psychological factors that influence abnormal child development come under mental health?

Answer 15

Self esteem, coping, emotional regulation

2 children faces with the same event can respond in completely different ways according to individual differences

Question 16

What is the word that we use to describe temperament for adult populations?

Answer 16

Personality

Question 17

What social factors influence abnormal child development?

Answer 17

Family environment
• Modeling
• The interaction between the child and the environment (goodness-of-fit)
• Peers
• School
• Neighbourhood/Community/Culture
• Media

Question 18

What is required for optimal child development?

Answer 18

For optimal development
all children require an
environment that is
sensitive to their unique
needs & abilities – and
that places appropriate
limits to help them
develop self control.