What is a social group?
Collection of interdependent, interacting people
-They don’t have to be members of the same category, just interacting
What is a non-social group?
Collection of independent people who are not interacting just in presence of others
What is a reference group?
A real or imagines group with whom beliefs and attitudes are compared
-They are considered the ‘in-group’ and their opinion is valued
What is Social facilitation?
The presence of others facilitates performance of an individual
->improves performance on a simple task
Can Social Facilitation cross species?
Yes, the roaches ran faster in the presence of others. The presence of others impaired their performance of a complex task
Describe Social Loafing
The overall performance of the group gets worse when lots of people are around to complete the task
i.e group performance is worse than the combination of individuals would have been
What is the effect of adding more people to a group?
The average individual contribution decreases
What is Price’s Law?
- Half the effort of the group will be done by the square root of the people in the group
- As group increases, ‘waste’ get’s larger
What are the two options that the presence of others can give you?
- To be anonymous (no evaluation by others)
2. To be anxious (evaluation by others is possible)
When you are anonymous and therefore in a relaxed state, what is the effect on tasks?
- Simple tasks are impaired
- Hard tasks are facilitated
When you are being evaluated and therefore in an aroused state, what is the effect on tasks?
- Simple tasks are facilitated
- Hard tasks are impaired
What is a social dilemma?
When we have to choose between our own well being and the group wellbeing
How is social loafing an example of a social dilemma?
- Group wellbeing = better for everyone to contribute
- Individual wellbeing = better to slack off, others do the work
What does the Prisoners Dilemma model?
Models rational choices and decision making
-mutual non-confession is best for both but due to mutual suspicion and lack of trust both parties confess
What is the Common’s Problem?
How do you share a common resource so it isn’t depleted?
What is the Free Rider Problem?
A minimum number of people need to contribute but not all e.g. blood donation
Gaining benefits from group membership by avoiding costly obligations and allowing others to take the cost
Describe Explicit Communication influenced the Social Dilemmas
- In the prisoners dilemma the same cost/benefit was present when the moment for decision came about
- In the trucking game, non structured communication degraded performance
What is Tacit Communication?
- Symbolic communication that matches the other person’s behaviour.
- Opens with cooperatively, gives best pay off for both individuals
What could influence the matrix?
- Changing the pay off
- > reward for cooperation
- > penalties for noncooperation
-Changing group membership to make people feel a part of the same group could change the matrix
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