Lecture 10

Question 1

What % urbanization is North America?

Answer 1

85%

Question 2

Where was the birthplace of the megalopolis?

Answer 2

North America

Question 3

What is deindustrializing?

Answer 3

○ And decentralizing but still heavily apart of globalization

○ Outsourcing offshore

Question 4

How old are cities in NA?

Answer 4

almost all cities less than 300 years oold

Question 5

When did the first regions started to grow?

Answer 5

around 16-17 hundred

Question 6

What re the different historical periods of NA?

Answer 6

• Precolonial period (pre 1600)
• Colonial mercantilism (1600-1840)
• Industrial capitalism (1840-1970)
• Post-industrial capitalism (1975-)

Question 7

When and what happened in the pre colonial period?

Answer 7

• Little evidence of significant urbanization
• Permanent settlements arise around 1000CE
○ Indigenous people had a nomadic existence but some permanent settlements but not of the size that we have seen in other regions
• Important centres north of Mexico (Cahokia, Acoma Pueblo, Taos Pueblo)

Question 8

What is Cahokia?

Answer 8

(largest city pre colonial time in NA)
• Economic powerhouse (1050 to 1200 CE)
• Influence extended from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.
• Population of 20,000 people (1,600 ha with 120 human-made mounds)
• 15km from present day st louis
• Ruled over large territory
• City had differentiated functions (where commoners lived, ceremonial mounds, admin, trading)

Question 9

What are Acoma and Taos?

Answer 9

(further south villages/smaller towns)
• continuously inhabited settlements for a long time (since 11thC)
• Acoma Pueblo (Sky City) built in current form in 1144

Question 10

What is the colonial mercantilism?

Answer 10

1600-1840)
• Spanish, Dutch, French, British ruled over these lands (F and B main powerhouses but other 2 were first)
• Trading for raw materials, and eventually plantations

Question 11

Where were the first cities located in NA?

Answer 11

frist cities on the sea front or along St laurence in canad

Question 12

What is the physical layout of the first European cities?

Answer 12

• French cities: narrow, winding streets (how they gbuilt)• British, Spanish used the grid (how they built)
• All walking cities regardless of layout
• All of them next to water

Question 13

What is the industrial capitalism?

Answer 13

Industrial capitalism (1840-1970)
• First mechanized factory gets going in 1793
• Industrialization results in urbanization (why?)
○ Steam engine powered by coal allows you to make and transport more things
○ Need people to run factories, people drawn to new prospects, hope that the city life will give a better life
• North America’s era of 5%+ growth
○ Because most of NA was Agrarian landscape
• Heavy industry transofrmed landscape

Question 14

How did transportation networks grow in NA?

Answer 14

• Coal fueled transformation and industrial activity as well as transport
• Building more cities inland via railroad
• Extranded natural waterways with canals

Question 15

What were the new materials introduced in NA?

Answer 15

• Structural steel for highrises/skyscrapers
• Coal
• Elevators
• Building up as opposed to out maintained compact size of cities

Question 16

What has led to urban sprawl?

Answer 16

The automotive

Question 17

What is urban flight?

Answer 17

• Characterized the entire industrial/capatalistic period
• The movement away from down town is the heart at the front of this movement
• Elites were able to leave the downtown )squalar) and is also where the factories were built, kind of unappealing
• Went on steriod with the mass production f cars, so all these individuals could move away

Question 18

What is the post-industrial capitalism (1975-)?

Answer 18

Globalization
Deindustrialization
Decentralization

Question 19

What is globalization?

Answer 19

Owners of capital realized they didn’t have to pay local workers a lot of money and moved operations else where for cheaper with the same labour (outsource)

Question 20

Deindustrialization?

Answer 20

○ Abndoned mills and factories

○ Called rust belt cities

Question 21

What is decentralization?

Answer 21

Had previously industral activity and headquarters in the main/central parts of town. As communication tech increased, the industries can decentralize their offices away from CBD and still be well connected to the other businesses

Question 22

What is the 3rd revolution?

Answer 22

• Massive increase in urban populations, the development of megacities and giant metropolitan regions and the global redistribution of economic activities.
• What were the first and second urban revolutions?
• Global redistribution of activities

Question 23

What is the reorganization of the economy?

Answer 23

Manufacturing (secondary) is transforming into a service economy (tertiary)

Question 24

What are the large scale trends in NA?

Answer 24

• Urban primacy
• Megalopolis
• NY is a primate city of the USA, has primacy
• Fairly balanced network of cities in CANADA

Question 25

How do the urban hierarchies compare to the ideal?

Answer 25

Canada distribution is close to the ideal distribution of rank size rule, where as france has primacy and further from the ideal

Question 26

Where was the original megalopolis ?

Answer 26

* NY to Washington movement of people and goods , cities will grow more into eachother to form a megalopolis * 50 million people * 20% GDP

Question 27

What are the 3 general features of NA cities?

Answer 27

* Grid system (even hilly San Francisco) | * Sprawl

Question 28

What are the 3 main models of city structure we see in NA cities?

Answer 28

* Conocentric * Sector * Multiple nuclei

Question 29

What is the land use distribution like in NA?

Answer 29

* 30% residential * 10% industrial/manufacturing (light manufacturing here) * 4% commercial * 20% roads and highways (doesn’t even include parking) * 15% public land/gov. building/parks ( in cities than most other cities in the world) * 20% vacant/underdeveloped

Question 30

What was the Main Street of a city exchanged for?

Answer 30

* Downtowns are falteering because people are going to malls instead of smalelr downtown businesses * But now malls are now failing, becoming more like life centers and more is moving online or big box type of malls/strip malls * Main street killed in many cities

Question 31

What is an edge city?

Answer 31

* "Edge city" is an American term for a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown (or central business district) in what had previously been a residential or rural area * Offices/commercial at interchanges, not in the center, not a lot of residential space

Question 32

What will be the end of suburbia?

Answer 32

• When fossil fuels run out then what? • Will empty gas tanks end suburbia? • Wll see a transformaiton of suburbua, different types of planning, build up areas. Where there is open space could turb them into more local produciton engines like growing more of oyuur own food and electricity ○ Retrosuburbia, more retroform of living • Trying to reminagine the downtown/older areas and making sure they don’t fall apart

Question 33

What is a hyper-diverse city?

Answer 33

* % of foreign-born residents exceeds the national level and where there is no dominant immigrant group * Diversity strengthens cities

Question 34

What is a segregated city?

Answer 34

* Segregated by race, ethnicity, socio-economic status * Minorities are concerned about police profiling and violence. * Very apparent in US cities and some parts in Canada * Minorities have decreease level of servieces and infrastructure

Question 35

Why is NYC a global metropolis?

Answer 35

* Financial and cultural capital of US if not the world * Very diverse economy with manufacturing, transportation, financial, commercial, creative industries (music, fashion, design) * Hyperdiverse- flow of people from around the world

Question 36

What is Gentrification?

Answer 36

• High rates of gentrification (led by private and municipal interests) ○ May lead to fragmentation, outprice long-term locals • Conversion of lower income areas into newer and more expensive area

Question 37

How do cities prepare for climate change?

Answer 37

``` Building on higher ground Building green infrastructure Investing in water purification Storm protection Ways to work with nature to slow down the effects and cut down the damages they cause ```

Question 38

What are climate change problems facing cities?

Answer 38

Will make cities even hotter Abandonment Water pollution