Lecture 12: Endocrine

Question 1

intracellular communication

Answer 1

chemical signaling molecule responding for regulation

Question 2

hormone: chemical messenger

Answer 2

• secreted in body fluids ( mostly blood)
• travels through body bathing all cells
• target cell = any cell that has a receptor for the hormone

Question 3

endocrine signaling

Answer 3

• cells secreted into body fluids, usually blood
• bonds to target cells
• all cells exposed, only those with corrector receptor respond

Question 4

seq endocrine signaling

Answer 4

• signal gets into blood stream
• travels throughout the body
• diffuses out blood stream
• only one with receptors respond
• highly specific

Question 5

what are receptors

Answer 5

• large proteins or glycoproteins on surface of (or within) target cells

Question 6

what are the functions of receptors

Answer 6

• recognize and bind to specific horomones ( unable to interact with other receptors)
• responsible from the specificity of endocrine system

Question 7

hormone increase for a long period

Answer 7

receptor down- regulated ( constant present, too much insulin) -> stop listening ( lower receptor from membrane)

Question 8

hormone decrease for long period

Answer 8

receptor up - regulated (doesnt apper very frequently) -> increase # of signals little insulin -> listen harder ( raise receptor to membrane)

Question 9

intercellular communications classified

Answer 9

• type of secreting cell

- route take signal to target

Question 10

endocrine signaling

Answer 10

• endocrine cells secrete hormones ( steroids , peptide, amine) into extracellular
• diffuse into bloodstream -> travel to target cells ( all cells, only target cells respond)
• long distance, everywhere , all over the body

Question 11

paracrine

Answer 11

target cells near secreting cell

Question 12

autocrine

Answer 12

target is self ( positive feedback loop, involved in activated different components of the immune system) blood - clotting

Question 13

paracrine & autocrine

Answer 13

cells produce and secrete local regulators lipids ( prostagladins) gases (nitric acid) polypeptides

Question 14

synaptic signaling

Answer 14

• involves neurons - basic unit of nervous system
• forms synapses or junctions with target cells
  
  • neuron -> cell or neuron - neuron
• diffuse across synapsis

Question 15

synaptic signaling uses neurotransmitters which are

Answer 15

chemical signals that neurons send and receive back and forth

Question 16

neuroendocrine signaling

Answer 16

• neurosecretory cells - specialized neurons, secrete neurohormones ( instead of synapses)
• differ from nerve cell endings into bloodstream

– identical to endocrine signaling

Question 17

signaling by pheromones

Answer 17

• chemicals released into external environment ( outside of