Lecture 13 - Human Memory

Question 1

Clive Wearing

Answer 1

Didn’t have memory because of damage to the hippocampus

Question 2

What is memory

Answer 2

• learning over any period of time
• storage and retrieval
• information and skills
• fundamental to human experience

Question 3

Encode

Answer 3

Information from senses transmitted to the brain for storage

Question 4

Store

Answer 4

Information that is held to later be retrieved

Question 5

Retrieve

Answer 5

recalling information (similar to what was encoded)

Question 6

LTP (Long-term Potentiation)

Answer 6

Connection between neurons can become stronger with more use

Question 7

Recall

Answer 7

Retrieve information previously learned and unconsciously stored

Question 8

Recognition

Answer 8

Identify stimuli that match your stored information

Question 9

Relearning

Answer 9

Mesure of how much less work it takes you to learn information you have previously learned

Question 10

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory Formation

Answer 10

1. Event
2. Sensory Memory - Encoding (can go straight to 4 via the automatic pathway)
3. Short-Term - Retrieving (effortful pathway)
4. Long-Term Memory

Question 11

If you put attention on information what happens?

Answer 11

It moves to short-term memory (otherwise it disappears)

Question 12

Memory from sight

Answer 12

0.5s

Question 13

Memory from hearing

Answer 13

3-4s

Question 14

Memory from touch

Answer 14

Less than 1s

Question 15

How does encoding happen for short-term memory?

Answer 15

Sensory memory (facilitated by attention) gets encoded to short-term memory/working memory

Question 16

How much can short-term memory hold?

Answer 16

7+/-2 for approx. 20s

Question 17

How does encoding happen for long term-memory?

Answer 17

Short term memory (facilitated by attention) gets encoded to become long term

Question 18

How much can long-term memory hold?

Answer 18

Unknown

Question 19

Nondeclarative “implicit” memories

Answer 19

• Not fully aware of
• don’t talk about
• doesn’t require attention/effort to encode and recall

Question 20

Declarative “explicit” memories

Answer 20

• Facts and experiences that we consciously know and recall
• require attention/ effort to encode and recall

Question 21

Types of non declarative memories

Answer 21

• Procedural: Skating or riding a bike
• Conditioned associations: Perfume to looks

Question 22

Declarative Memories

Answer 22

• Semantic Memory: words and definitions
• Episodic memories associations: memory of events where you were present (concert or wedding)
• Flashbulb memories: wasn’t there but memory based on learning (global events)

Question 23

How are explicit memories understood?

Answer 23

• Encoding and storage of explicit memories (facilitated and sleep)
• Retrieval and use of explicit memories (working memory)

Question 24

How Are Implicit Memories Understood?

Answer 24

• Basal Ganglia (encoding, procedural memory and motor skills)
• Cerebellum ( encoding and storing conditioned responses)

Question 25

Flashbulb Memories

Answer 25

Emotionally intense events that become a vivid “seeming” memory (limbic system)

Question 26

Can long-term memory get “full”

Answer 26

No

Question 27

What facilitates encoding log-term memories

Answer 27

1. Practice and depth of processing 2. Grouping 3. Visualization

Question 28

How can we practice facilitate long-term memory encoding?

Answer 28

Spacing effect and testing effect

Question 29

Spacing Effect

Answer 29

Spread our study/learning time over multiple sessions

Question 30

Testing effect

Answer 30

See how well you know the information - studying greatly increases memory

Question 31

Structural Encoding

Answer 31

Emphasizing the physical structure of stimuli (shallow)

Question 32

Phonemic Encoding

Answer 32

Emphasizes what a word sounds like (Intermediate)

Question 33

Semantic Encoding

Answer 33

Emphasizes the meaning of verbal stimuli (Deep)

Question 34

Chunking

Answer 34

Groups with pieces of information (groups are familiar) and this allows us to retain more information

Question 35

Hierarchies

Answer 35

Divide complex information into concepts and sub concepts

Question 36

Visualization

Answer 36

Powerful aids especially when combined with semantic encoding

Question 37

Creating Links

Answer 37

Listing items

Question 38

Method of Loci

Answer 38

List of items with visualized locations

Question 39

Proactive Interference

Answer 39

Old learning interferes with the learning of new information

Question 40

Retroactive Interference

Answer 40

Previously learned information is hard to retrieve because it is replaced with new information

Question 41

How can recall be biased

Answer 41

- fill in parts to make more consistent - Misinformation effect - Source amnesia

Question 42

False Memories

Answer 42

Event happened to you when it happened to someone else - think of it often - imagine more details of the event - event is easy to imagine

Question 43

False Memory Syndrome

Answer 43

Condition which the identity and relationships of a person rest on memories that are false but are perceived as real traumatic experiences

Question 44

Perils of memory

Answer 44

- we encode automatically at least part of everything we are exposed to - information affects all of our perceptions (top-down processing)

Question 45

How to avoid the perils

Answer 45

Consciously filter the information that you expose yourself to