Lecture 14: Complex Movements

Question 1

What are the general functions of muscle?

Answer 1

• Heat production
• Posture
• Movement
• Communication

Question 2

What’re some features of quadrupedal standing?

Answer 2

• Base of support (large)

- Legs flexed at several joints

Question 3

What are some features of bipedal standing?

Answer 3

• Relatively small area of contact with ground
• Plantar surface of feet
• Energy efficient

Question 4

Gravity is able to work as an ______ or ______.

Answer 4

• When we stand up, gravity acts as antagonist

- When we sit down, gravity acts as agonist

Question 5

Bipedal standing in the hip joint (anatomical solution)

Answer 5

• Posterior to joint
• Joint pushed into extension
• Extensions = ligaments are tight
• Capsular ligaments of the hip joint extended, take more strain

Question 6

Bipedal standing at the knee joint

Answer 6

• Anterior to joint
• Knee is locked
• Ligaments are tight

Question 7

Bipedal standing at ankle

Answer 7

• Falls into dorsiflexion
• Anterior to joint
• Not locked
• Very little muscular effort

Question 8

Gait Cycle phases:

Answer 8

• Stance

- Swing

Question 9

Stance (60%) Phase:

Answer 9

• Initial contact (heel strike) (early stance)
• Mid Stance
• Terminal Stance (toe off)

Question 10

Swing (40%) Phase:

Answer 10

• Dorsiflexion
• Initial swing
• Mid swing
• Terminal swing

Question 11

What muscles cause flexion at the knee?

Answer 11

• Hamstrings

Question 12

What muscles causes dorsiflexion?

Answer 12

• Tibialis anterior (agonist / concentric)

Question 13

What muscles causes plantarflexion?

Answer 13

• Triceps surae
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus

Question 14

What muscles cause extension at the knee?

Answer 14

• Quadriceps femoris