Lecture 14- Hacking Your Memory

Question 1

Pros and cons of using a laptop for note taking

Answer 1

+Faster

• Encourages verbatim rather than summary
• Reduces depth of processing

Question 2

What is note taking for

Answer 2

• Promote deep and elaborative encoding

- Provide external storage of information that is in the lecture but not the slides

Question 3

What was the design of Kesteren et al (2018)

Answer 3

• Encode new A-B picture-word pairs
• Test memory for A-B pairs
• Encode new A-C pairs where relatedness of B-C varies
• Final memory tests

Question 4

Why is Kesteren et al 2018 a model of generalisation during learning

Answer 4

B-C is not directly studied but is inferred from learning A-B and A-C

Question 5

What were the results of Kesteren et al (2018)

Answer 5

• Associative memory for the inferred B-C pairing was better when it was schema congruent
• Better when subjective reaction of the B picture during A-C learning was stronger

Question 6

People’s judgments of what they would remember (meta memory) depended on

Answer 6

Reactivation but not schemas

Question 7

How you actively receive and process the material

Answer 7

• Prep for lectures helps comprehension
• Process for distinctiveness
• Process for meaning and relate to schema
• Selective notes

Question 8

What helps for self generated cues

Answer 8

Connection to personal knowledge

Question 9

Self generated cues may be more

Answer 9

Diagnostic- point to fewer potential targets in memory

Question 10

What was the most effect method of memory, SSSS, SSST, STTT?

Answer 10

STTT= repeated recall tests

Question 11

What did Thomas et al 2020 find with repeated exams

Answer 11

• Quizzing was better than studying

- Quizzing without feedback was better than with

Question 12

What does Thomas et al 2020 study support

Answer 12

• Testing aids development

- Aids generalisation from learning semantic and episodic

Question 13

What’s the least useful revision

Answer 13

• Re-reading
• Summarisation
• Imagery for text

Question 14

What is moderately useful revision

Answer 14

• Self-explanation
• Elaborative interrogation
• Interleaved practice

Question 15

What is the most useful revision

Answer 15

Testing yourself

Question 16

Does imagery at time of retention impact long-tern retention

Answer 16

No

Question 17

What variables help one-shot episodic memories

Answer 17

Meaning-processing-related strategies such as elaboration

Question 18

What is semantic elaboration theory (Carpenter 2009)

Answer 18

Semantic elaboration at study means that a studied item can be retrieved with a different cue at test

Question 19

What is context theory (Karpicke et al 2014)

Answer 19

• Memory on a final test is better if an initial memory test is harder
• Consistent with more active, mental reinstatement of context

Question 20

What is spaced learning

Answer 20

Revisiting information after a break helps memory

Question 21

What did Conway (1997) do with academic learning and episodic and semantic memory

Answer 21

• Tested psychology students immediately after a lecture course and in a delayed test
• Immediately after remembered lecture
• Delayed test knew facts

Question 22

Episodic memories become

Answer 22

Semanticised over time

Question 23

The episodic-like quality is gradually

Answer 23

Lost