Lecture 15

Question 1

Chondrocytes?

Answer 1

• Found in spaces called lacunae

- Cartilage cells that produce and maintain the cellular matrix

Question 2

What 2 layers is the perichondrium composed of?

Answer 2

Outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer

Question 3

Perichondrium?

Answer 3

• The covering of dense irregular connective tissue

- Made of 2 layers: outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer

Question 4

What is the extracellular matrix mainly composed of?

Answer 4

• Type 2 collagen

Question 5

What do the components of the cellular matrix arrange themselves on? What does this arrangement allow for?

Answer 5

• On hyaluronic acid backbones
• This arrangement allows the extracellular matrix of cartilage to hold a lot of water, providing the cartilage with a shock absorption and allows for low friction capabilities

Question 6

Does cartilage have a blood supply/nerves?

Answer 6

Since it’s mainly composed of chondrocytes, cartilage doesn’t have blood vessels or nerves, except in the perichondrium

Question 7

What is the most abundant type of cartilage?

Answer 7

The hyaline cartilage

Question 8

What is hyaline cartilage?

Answer 8

• Surrounded by perichondrium

- Provides flexibility, support and reduces friction in the joints

Question 9

What is the makeup of fibrocartilage?

Answer 9

• Chondrocytes are scattered among bundles of collagen fibres
• Strongest type of cartilage
• Found between vertebrae

Question 10

Elastic cartilage?

Answer 10

• Chondrocytes are found in a thread like network of elastic fibres
• Has a perichondrium
• Provides strength and elasticity

Question 11

What are some of the different types of connective tissue that bone is made of?

Answer 11

Bone tissue, periosteum and endosteum

Question 12

Function of bone?

Answer 12

Produces red/white cells, stores minerals, provides structure, support, protection and mobility

Question 13

What is compact bone?

Answer 13

• First type of bone tissue
• Forms the hard outside of the bone
• Surrounded by the periosteum (outside) and the endosteum (inside)
• Contains columns called the Haversian system around the blood sypply

Question 14

Where is spongy bone mainly found?

Answer 14

At the ends of long bone

Question 15

Spongy bone?

Answer 15

• Second type of bone tissue
• No osteons (Haversian canal)
• Highly vascular
• Contains red bone marrow where the production of red blood cells happens
• Contains trabeculae which gives bones strength and high surface area to volume ratio

Question 16

Process of bone formation?

Answer 16

• Woven bone is deposited initially (osteoid), which is mainly made up of collagen I fibres
• Woven bone can then be formed by either endochondral ossification (endoskeleton) or intramembranous ossification (dermal skeleton)
• Lamellar bone then replaces woven bone and lays down parallel sheets (lamellae) of collagen I fibres

Question 17

Lamellar bone?

Answer 17

Has a lower cell density and a higher mineral content

Question 18

What is the role of an osteoblast?

Answer 18

Osteoblasts are responsible for the woven bone (osteoid), and then get embedded within the extracellular matrix, becoming osteocytes

Question 19

What do tissues combine to form?

Answer 19

Organs

Question 20

What are 3 types of muscle tissue?

Answer 20

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Question 21

Skeletal muscle?

Answer 21

Contain multiple nuclei along very long fibres

Question 22

Cardiac muscle?

Answer 22

• Fibres join end to end through intercalated discs

- Contain 1 or more nuclei in each fibre

Question 23

Smooth muscle?

Answer 23

• Each fibre contains a single central nucleus

Question 24

Organs?

Answer 24

• Structures that perform specific functions

- Organs co-operate with each other to form organ systems

Question 25

Integumentary system?

Answer 25

Lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils. Returns excess tissue fluid to blood, absorbs lipids, defends against disease.

Question 26

Respiratory system?

Answer 26

Lungs, air passageways. | Supplies oxygen to blood and excretes carbon dioxide.

Question 27

Digestive system?

Answer 27

Digestive tract and glands that secrete digestive juices. | Processes food and eliminates waste.

Question 28

Urinary system?

Answer 28

Kidneys, urinary bladder, associated ducts. Kidneys remove metabolic waste and excess material from blood, produce urine. Helps regulate body chemistry.

Question 29

Male and female reproductive systems?

Answer 29

Both consist of gonads and associated structures. | Sexual reproduction, maintains secondary sex characteristics.

Question 30

Cardiovascular system?

Answer 30

Heart, blood vessels, blood. | Transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones and other substances throughout the body.

Question 31

Endocrine system?

Answer 31

Ductless glands that release hormones. | Works with nervous system in regulating metabolic activities and many other functions

Question 32

Nervous system?

Answer 32

Brain, spinal cord, sense organs, nerves. | Principle regulatory system.

Question 33

Muscular system?

Answer 33

Skeletal muscles that enable us to move, cardiac muscle in the heart, smooth muscle of the internal organs.

Question 34

Skeletal system?

Answer 34

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints. | Supports and protects body, important in movement and stores calcium.

Question 35

Integumentary system?

Answer 35

Skin, nails, hair, sweat glands. | Protects body, helps regulate body temperature and receives stimuli.