Lecture 15 (no 14) - Generalisability

Question 1

Define Surrogate Endpoint

Answer 1

Lab measurement or physical sign used as substitute for clinically meaningful endpoint

Question 2

Define Clinical Endpoint

Answer 2

Directly related to disease studied (e.g. survival in cancer, fractures in osteoporosis)

Question 3

Define Patient-relavant Endpoint

Answer 3

Outcomes that matter to patient and carers (e.g. Quality of Life, function)

Question 4

What are three threats to external validity?

Answer 4

1. Persons (representativeness of sample)
2. Setting of trial
3. Methods

Question 5

What are types of sampling strategies and what are their key characteristics

Answer 5

• Probability (generalize to population)

- Nonprobability (generalizability not as important)

Question 6

What are some examples of Sampling via probability (what the four types of probability sampling)?

Answer 6

• Simple random sample
• Stratified sample
• Cluster sample
• Systematic sample

Question 7

What are examples of sampling via non probability?

Answer 7

• Quota sample
• “purposeful” sample
• “convenience” or “opportunity” sample

Question 8

What types of probability sampling is appropriate for homogenous population?

Answer 8

• Simple Random Sampling

- Systematic Sampling

Question 9

What types of probability sampling is appropriate for heterogeneous populations?

Answer 9

• Stratified sampling

- Cluster sampling

Question 10

What are the levels of organizing evidence?

Answer 10

• Systems (Computerized decision support systems)
• Synopses (Evidence based journal abstracts)
• Syntheses (Cochrane Reviews)
• Studies (original published articles in journals)