Lecture 16

Question 1

Addiction involved all of the following behaviours, except:

A) Compulsiveness
B) Loss of control
C) Resistance
D) Continued Use

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Define psychoactive drugs

Answer 2

define as a substance capable of influencing brain systems linked to mood/emotion/perception, as well as reward and pleasure - “drug” for simplicity

Question 3

Review

Answer 3

Psychoactive drugs: include psychopharmaceutical medications as well as both legal and illegal “drugs”:
◦ Antidepressants
◦ Prescription opioids (post surgery or dental work) including medications like codeine
◦ Tobacco (nicotine)
◦ Coffee, rea, energy drinks (caffeine)
◦ Beer, wine, spirits, etc. (alcohol)
◦ Cannabis (THC)
◦ Hallucinogens (“magic” mushrooms, LSD, MDMA, psilocybin) ◦ Stimulants (cocaine, amphetamine)

Question 4

What are the 4 things on the spectrum of psychoactive substance use

Answer 4

• beneficial
• non-problematic
• problematic
• chronic dependent

Question 5

explain beneficial on the spectrum

Answer 5

• use that has positive health, spiritual and/or social impacts

ex. medicinal use as prescribed, moderate consumption of alcohol

Question 6

explain non-problematic on the spectrum

Answer 6

• recreational, casual or other use that has negligible health or social effects

Question 7

explain problematic on the spectrum

Answer 7

• use at an early age, or use that begins to have negative health impacts for individuals, family/friends or society

ex. use by minors, impaired driving, binge consumption

Question 8

explain chronic dependent on the spectrum

Answer 8

• use that has become habitual and compulsive despite negative health and social effects

Question 9

What are the 3 criterias that ICD-11 focuses on about dependence?

Answer 9

• impaired control over substance use
• substance use becoming an overriding priority in the user’s life;
• tolerance to or withdrawal symptoms from the drug

any 2 qualify as a diagnosis of substance independence

Question 10

in the DSm-V, what is dependence replaced with?

Answer 10

• dependence replaced with substance use disorder, diagnosed on presence of 2/11 criteria related to use

Question 11

Alcoholic Anonymous (AA) and similar groups (Narcotics Anonymous) have fostered what?

Answer 11

• fostered a predominant narrative regarding treatment and recovery in relation to addiction

Question 12

What was founded in 1930s in the US?

Answer 12

• The emergence of AA coincided with the medicalization of addiction and reliance on doctors to treat it
• controversial as a frontline response to problematic alcohol use

Question 13

What does the AA model claim?

Answer 13

• claims that people with addiction are intrinsically predisposed to addiction

Question 14

What does the history of the medical model of addiction begin with?

Answer 14

• begins with US inebriate reformatory movement
• doctors adopted the medical model, but also capitalizing on the temperance movement and increasing public concern about alcohol

Question 15

How did the doctors draw from both models noted earlier? (disease vs. temperance model)

Answer 15

• alcohol as an inherently addictive substance leading certain people to need medical intervention
• alcoholism as a disease that affects particular people put doctors in central position in countering alcohol problems

Question 16

What is the former perspective that the AA adopts?

Answer 16

alcoholics are constitutionally different, characterized by an inherent alcoholism (intrinsically predisposed to addiction) - central principle of AA since 30s onward

Question 17

What are the roots of AA and the 12-step process?

Answer 17

• roots in Oxford Group, a popular religious movement at the time

Question 18

What were the principles of the Oxford Group?

Answer 18

• self-improvement
• self-reflection
• admitting wrong-doings
• making amends
• praying
• meditating
• preaching message to others

Question 19

Review about AA and the 12-step process

Answer 19

Rowland Hazard from Rhode Island experienced alcohol addiction and sought help from psychoanalyst Carl Jung, who said Rowland was “medically hopeless” and believed that only a spiritual experience could help him, suggesting the Oxford group

• was able to avoid drinking by following Oxford Group’s principles
• Rowland introduced his friend (Edwin T. [Ebby]) to the Oxford Group for alcoholism
• Bill W. (Wall Street stockbroker) was skeptical of Ebby’s story at first but later stopped drinking himself after experiencing years of alcoholism (with help from Oxford Group)

Question 20

Who was AA founded by?

Answer 20

• founded by Bill W. and Dr. Bob Smith
  —1939 manual describing path to sobriety: “ Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How Many Thousands of Men and Women Have Recovered from Alcoholism” (known as “The Big Book”)

— popularized the 12-step approach, later adopted and adapted for other addictions - beyond alcohol and other substances to include gambling, shopping (Debtors Anonymous and Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous)

Question 21

What does AA suggest about actions such as prayer, self-reflection, and self-improvement?

Answer 21

• suggests that they are ways to help oneself heal (or recover) from addiction

Question 22

What are the 12 steps of AA? (BRUHHH)

Answer 22

1. we admitted we were powerless over alcohol - that our lives had become unmanageable
2. came to b believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity
3. made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understood Him
4. made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves
5. admitted to God, to ourselves, and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs
6. were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character
7. humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings
8. Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make amends to them all
9. made direct amends to such people whether possible, except when to do so would injure them or others
10. continued to take personal inventory and when we were wrong promptly admitted it
11. sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious contact with God, as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of His will for us and the power to carry that out
12. Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these Steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles in all our affairs