Lecture 18

Question 1

Energy + ATP

Answer 1

Energy = capacity to do work
ATP = medium of energy exchange

Question 2

ATP Production pathways

Answer 2

• most from glucose + fatty acid metabolism (least from amino acids)
• Glycolysis + Krebs = produce reducing equivalents (electrons)
  - NADH
  - FADH2
• supply electrons to transport chain which is where most ATP is made

Question 3

Anaerobic ATP Production

Answer 3

• without O2
• Phosphocreatine degration
• combines with ADP to make ATP
• glycolosis = produces lactate in anaerobic conditions

Question 4

Fat storage

Answer 4

as triglycerides in adipocytes

Question 5

Carb storage

Answer 5

as glycogen in liver + muscle
some as glucose in blood

Question 6

Protein storage

Answer 6

muscle - protected, only used in starvation

Question 7

Carb as fuel

Answer 7

• aerobically fastest ATP production
• as well as anaerobically (3x faster)
• But is less enrgy dense
• used first

Question 8

Fat as fuel

Answer 8

• more energy dense
• most abundant energy reserve
• can’t do anaerobically
• used second

Question 9

Anabolism

Answer 9

• process of storing energy
  -absorbative state
• occurs right after a meal
• glucose to glycogen
• fatty acids to triglycerides
• amino acids to proteins

-excess calories in the form of glucose or amino acids can get converted into fats

Question 10

Catabolism

Answer 10

• stored nutrients converted into energy
• fasting state
  -postabsorpative state
• reverse of anabolism
• Glycogenolysis = glycogen to glucose
• Gluconeogenesis = glucose from noncarb precursors (liver, kidneys)

Question 11

Blood glucose levels

Answer 11

• normal fasting blood glucose = 4 to 5.5
• fasting hyperglycemia = high
• fasting hypoglyecmia = low

Question 12

Why is blood glucose maintained so tightly?

Answer 12

• many cells reguire glucose
• maintain osmotic balance (electrolytes)
• hyperglycemia = added sugars to amino acids = untreated for too long (diabetes) = irreversible damage to eyes, nerves

Question 13

Glucose regulation - Insulin

Answer 13

• After a meal = increase glucose
• beta cells in pancreas = secrete insulin
• glucose converted to be stored
  *opposite of glucagon

Question 14

Glucose regulation - Glucagon

Answer 14

• after fasting = decrease glucose
• alpha cells in pancreas = screte glucagon
• storaged converted into glucose
  *opposite of insulin

Question 15

Low intensity excercise

Answer 15

• msotly blood glucose + fatty acids
• some muscle triglycerides + glycogen

Question 16

Moderate intensity excercise

Answer 16

mainly muscle glycogen + triglycerides
- blood glucose + fatty acids

Question 17

High intensity excercise

Answer 17

muscle glycogen + phosphocreatine
- no fatty acids