Lecture 18 - Modulation

Question 1

What is immune tolerance?

Answer 1

Lack of immune response to self-antigens

Question 2

What are the 2 types of tolerance?

Answer 2

Central tolerance, peripheral tolerance

Question 3

What is central tolerance?

Answer 3

Deletion of self-reactive T and B cells during development

Question 4

What is peripheral tolerance?

Answer 4

Control of self-reactive cells in mature immune system

Question 5

What is autoimmunity?

Answer 5

Immune response against self-antigens

Question 6

What are 3 mechanisms leading to autoimmunity?

Answer 6

Loss of tolerance, molecular mimicry, genetic predisposition

Question 7

What is an example of autoimmunity in dogs?

Answer 7

Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA)

Question 8

What is an example of autoimmunity in horses?

Answer 8

Pemphigus foliaceus

Question 9

What is immunodeficiency?

Answer 9

Failure of the immune system to function properly

Question 10

What are the 2 types of immunodeficiency?

Answer 10

Primary, secondary

Question 11

What is primary immunodeficiency?

Answer 11

Inherited defect of immune system

Question 12

What is secondary immunodeficiency?

Answer 12

Acquired defect of immune system

Question 13

What is an example of primary immunodeficiency in foals?

Answer 13

SCID in Arabian foals (defective lymphocyte development)

Question 14

What is an example of secondary immunodeficiency in cats?

Answer 14

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)

Question 15

What is hypersensitivity?

Answer 15

Exaggerated immune response causing tissue damage

Question 16

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity?

Answer 16

Type I (immediate), Type II (cytotoxic), Type III (immune complex), Type IV (delayed)

Question 17

What is Type I hypersensitivity?

Answer 17

IgE-mediated, rapid reaction

Question 18

What are 2 examples of Type I hypersensitivity?

Answer 18

Allergy, anaphylaxis

Question 19

What is Type II hypersensitivity?

Answer 19

IgG or IgM mediated destruction of cells

Question 20

What is an example of Type II hypersensitivity?

Answer 20

Immune Mediated Haemolytic Anemia

Question 21

What is Type III hypersensitivity?

Answer 21

Immune complex deposition causing inflammation

Question 22

What are 2 examples of Type III hypersensitivity?

Answer 22

Glomerulonephritis, FIP vasculitis

Question 23

What is Type IV hypersensitivity?

Answer 23

T-cell mediated delayed response

Question 24

What are 2 examples of Type IV hypersensitivity?

Answer 24

Tuberculosis, contact dermatitis

Question 25

What is immunoregulation?

Answer 25

Balance between immune activation and suppression

Question 26

What cells are key to immunoregulation?

Answer 26

Regulatory T cells (Tregs)

Question 27

What cytokine do Tregs produce?

Answer 27

IL-10 (anti-inflammatory)

Question 28

What happens when regulation fails?

Answer 28

Autoimmunity or immunopathology