Lecture 2

Question 1

Atmospheric Composition

Answer 1

• Nitrogen 78.08%
• Oxygen 20.95%
• Argon 0.93%
• Carbon dioxide 0.04%

Question 2

Ecosystem services

Answer 2

• Blocks UV radiation
• Moderates the climate
• Redistributes water in the hydrologic cycle

Question 3

Air Pollution:

Answer 3

Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural events or human activities in high enough
concentrations to be harmful

Question 4

Primary Air Pollutant

Answer 4

Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the atmosphere

Question 5

Secondary Air Pollutant

Answer 5

Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants

Question 6

Primary Pollutants

Answer 6

•	particulate matter (PM)
nitrogen oxides
carbon monoxide
sulfur dioxide
.       volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
.	lead.

Question 7

What They Are

Answer 7

• Carbon Monoxide 49.1%
• Sulfur Oxides 16.4%
• Nitrogen Oxides 14.8%
• Volatille Organics 13.6%
• Particulates 6%

Question 8

What They Come From

Answer 8

• Transportation 46.2%
• Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 27.3%
• Industrial Process 15.0%
• Miscellaneus 9% , Solid waste 2.5%

Question 9

Sources of Primary Pollutants

By humans:

Answer 9

• Combustion
• Chemical
• Nuclear or Atomic
• Roasting, Heating, Refining
• Mining, Quarrying, Farming

Question 10

Sources of Primary Pollutants Natural

Answer 10

• Volcanoes
• Breaking Seas
• Pollens
• Fire
• Blowing Dust
• Bacteria, Viruses

Question 11

one example of a secondary pollutant

Answer 11

• Atmospheric sulfuric acid

Question 12

Smog

Answer 12

Air pollution in urban and industrial areas

Question 13

Photochemical smog

Answer 13

A noxious mixture of gases and particles, is produced when strong sunlight triggers photochemical reactions in the atmosphere

Brownish-orange haze formed by chemical reactions
involving sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons

Question 14

Ozone

Answer 14

The major component of photochemical smog

Question 15

Major Classes of Air Pollutants

Answer 15

• Particulate Material
• Nitrogen Oxides
• Sulfur Oxides
• Carbon Oxides
• Hydrocarbons
• Ozone

Question 16

Thousands of different solid or liquid particles suspended in air
• Dangerous for 2 reasons
-May contain materials with toxic or carcinogenic effects
-Extremely small particles can become lodged in lungs

Answer 16

Particulate Material

Question 17

Nitrogen Oxides

Answer 17

Gases produced by the chemical interactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at high temperature

Question 18

Nitrogen Oxides and its problems

Answer 18

Gases produced by the chemical interactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at high temperature
Greenhouse gases
Cause difficulty breathing

Question 19

Sulfur OxidesGases

Answer 19

Produced by the chemical interactions between sulfur and oxygen
Causes acid precipitation

Question 20

Carbon Oxides

Answer 20

Gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

Greenhouse gases

Question 21

Hydrocarbons

Answer 21

Diverse group of organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon (ex: CH4-methane)

Question 22

Hydrocarbons

Answer 22

Diverse group of organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon (ex: CH4-methane)

Some are related to photochemical smog and greenhouse gases

Question 23

Man- made pollutant in the lower atmosphere
Secondary air pollutant
Component of photochemical smog

Answer 23

Tropospheric Ozone

Question 24

Essential component that screens out UV radiation in the upper atmosphere

Answer 24

Stratospheric Ozone

Question 25

Transportation | Industry

Answer 25

Two main Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution

Question 26

Intentional forest fires

Answer 26

Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution

Question 27

Air Pollution Effects

Answer 27

Irritates eyes Causes inflammation of respiratory tract Can develop into chronic respiratory diseases

Question 28

Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate material

Answer 28

Irritate respiratory tract | Impair ability of lungs to exchange gases

Question 29

Causes airway restriction

Answer 29

Nitrogen Dioxides

Question 30

Binds with iron in blood hemoglobin Causes headache, fatigue, drowsiness, death

Answer 30

Carbon monoxide

Question 31

Ozone

Answer 31

Causes burning eyes, coughing, and chest | discomfort

Question 32

Smokestacks with electrostatic precipitator Particulate material can also be controlled by proper excavating techniques Phase I Vapor Recovery System for gasoline

Answer 32

Controlling Air Pollution

Question 33

Reduce sulfur content in gasoline from its current average of 330 ppm to 30 ppm Sulfur clogs catalytic converters Require legal emission standards for all passenger vehicles Including SUVs, trucks and minivans Require emission testing for all vehicles Including diesel

Answer 33

Other Ways to Improve Air Quality

Question 34

Ozone Protects earth from UV radiation Part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths just shorter than visible light ``` Ozone thinning/hole First identified in 1985 over Antarctica Caused by human-produced bromine and chlorine containing chemicals ```

Answer 34

Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere

Question 35

Higher levels of UV-radiation hitting the earth Eye cataracts Skin cancer Weakened immunity May disrupt ecosystems May damage crops and forests

Answer 35

Effects of Ozone Depletion

Question 36

Recovery of Ozone Layer

Answer 36

Montreal Protocol (1987) Reduction of CFCs Started using HCFCs (greenhouse gas) Phase out of all ozone destroying chemicals is underway globally

Question 37

mixing depth

Answer 37

The vertical distance between Earth's surface and the height to which convectional movements extend is called the

Question 38

Mixing depth

Answer 38

The vertical distance between Earth's surface and | the height to which convectional movements extend

Question 39

Represent a situation in which the atmosphere is very stable and the mixing depth is significantly restricted.

Answer 39

Temperature inversions

Question 40

Temperature inversions

Answer 40

Represent a situation in which the atmosphere is very stable and the mixing depth is significantly restricted.

Question 41

Form because the ground is a more effective radiator than the air above

Answer 41

Surface temperature inversions

Question 42

Surface temperature inversions

Answer 42

Form because the ground is a more effective radiator than the air above

Question 43

Are associated with sinking air that characterizes centers of high air pressure (anticyclones).

Answer 43

Inversions aloft

Question 44

Inversions aloft

Answer 44

Are associated with sinking air that characterizes centers of high air pressure (anticyclones).