Lecture 2

Question 1

what are the traditional levels of health care?

Answer 1

• Preventative
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Restorative
• Continuing health care

Question 2

what does preventative care focus on?

Answer 2

reducing and controlling the risk factors of disease

Question 3

what does primary care focus on?

Answer 3

improved health outcomes for an entire population

Question 4

primary health care requires collaboration among who?

Answer 4

health professionals, health care leaders, and community members

Question 5

what are healthcare programs designed to do?

Answer 5

reduce the incidence of disease

Question 6

what are some issues in health care delivery for nurses?

Answer 6

• health care costs
• quality patient satisfaction
• nursing shortage

Question 7

what are four challenges facing nursing?

Answer 7

• aging baby boomer generation
• shortage and uneven distribution of physicians
• rate of nurse retirement
• uncertainty of health care reform

Question 8

which settings provide restorative care?

Answer 8

• home care
• rehabilitation clinics
• extended care facilities

Question 9

which settings provide continuing care?

Answer 9

• nursing centers or facilities
• assisted living
• adult day care
• palliative and hospice care

Question 10

what are the therapeutic benefits of listening to patients?

Answer 10

• creates trust
• opens lines of communication
• creates mutual relationship

Question 11

what are the benefits of evidence-based care?

Answer 11

• improves quality, safety, and patient outcomes
• increases nurse satisfaction
• reduces cost

Question 12

what are sources of evidence for evidence based practice (EBP)?

Answer 12

• textbooks, articles from nursing, and health care literature
• quality improvement and risk management data
• retrospective or concurrent chart reviews
• clinicians’ experience

Question 13

EBP, research, and quality improvement are closely related, but they are separate processes: Describe the EBP process

Answer 13

Use of information from research and other sources to determine safe and effective nursing care with the goal of improving patient care and outcomes

Question 14

EBP, research, and quality improvement are closely related, but they are separate processes: Describe the research process

Answer 14

systematic inquiry answers questions, solves problems, and contributes to generalized knowledge base of nursing; may or may not improve patient care

Question 15

EBP, research, and quality improvement are closely related, but they are separate processes: describe the QI process

Answer 15

improves local work processes to improve patient outcomes and health system efficiency; results usually not generalizable

Question 16

how do you, as a nurse, cultivate a spirit of inquiry?

Answer 16

• question what does not make sense and what needs to be clarified
• gain evidence-based practice knowledge
• be committed to providing the best care possible
• use problem and knowledge-focused triggers
• consider data gathered from a health care setting to examine clinical trends

Question 17

how do you, as a nurse, evaluate the evidence-based practice decision or change?

Answer 17

• after applying evidence, evaluate the outcome
• never implement a practice change without evaluating it effects
  unexpected events or results may occur

Question 18

when evaluating EBP change, what should you determine?

Answer 18

• was the change effective?
• are modifications needed?
• should the change be discontinued?

Question 19

What are the components of the nursing research process?

Answer 19

• Assessment - identify area of interest or clinical problem
• Diagnosis - develop research question(s)/hypothesis
• Planning - determine how the study will be conducted
• Implementation - conduct the study
• Evaluation - analyze the results of the study and use the findings

Question 20

what are the traditional nursing care delivery method models?

Answer 20

• team nursing
• primary nursing

Question 21

what are todays nursing care delivery method models?

Answer 21

• patient-centered care
• total patient care
• case management

Question 22

What are the leadership skills nursing students need?

Answer 22

• clinical coordination
• good clinical judgement
• strong priority setting
• organization skills
• appropriate use of resources
• good time management
• continual evaluation
• effective team communication
• appropriate delegation

Question 23

what are the five rights of delegation?

Answer 23

• right task
• right circumstance
• right person
• right direction
• right supervision

Question 24

what are steps to effective delegation?

Answer 24

• assess the knowledge and skills of the delegatees
• match the tasks to the delegatees skills
• communicate clearly : task, outcome, time
• listen attentively
• provide feedback

Question 25

what is caring?

Answer 25

a universal phenomenon that influences the way we think, feel, and behave

Question 26

since when have nurses studied caring?

Answer 26

since florence nightingale

Question 27

what is at the heart of a nurses ability to work with all patients in a respectful and therapeutic way?

Answer 27

caring

Question 28

**theoretical views on caring** describe caring is primary

Answer 28

* caring determines what matters to a person * caring helps you provide patient-centered care

Question 29

** theoretical views on caring** describe Leininger's Transcultural Caring

Answer 29

* caring is an essential human need * caring helps an individual or group improve a human condition * caring helps protect, develop, nurture, and sustain people

Question 30

** theoretical views on caring** describe Watson's Transpersonal Caring

Answer 30

* promotes healing and wholeness * rejects the disease orientation to health care * places care before cure * emphasizes the nurse-patient relationship

Question 31

** theoretical views on caring** describe Swanson's Theory of Caring

Answer 31

* defines caring as a nurturing way of relating to an individual * states that caring is a central nursing phenomenon but is not necessarily unique to nursing practice

Question 32

what are Watson's 10 Carative Factors?

Answer 32

1. Forming a human-altruistic value system 2. instilling faith/hope 3. cultivating a sensitivity to oneself and to others 4. Developing a helping, trusting, human caring relationship 5. Promoting and expressing positive and negative feelings (support and accept your patients feelings) 6. using creative problem-solving, caring processes 7. Promoting transpersonal teaching/ learning/ learn together while educating the patient to acquire self-care skills 8. providing for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual 9. meeting human needs 10. allowing for existential-phenomenonological-spiritual forces

Question 33

what is the patient perspective of caring?

Answer 33

patients value the affective dimension of nursing care

Question 34

what is the effective dimension of nursing care?

Answer 34

* connecting with patients and their families * being present * respecting values, beliefs, and health care choices

Question 35

what is an ethic of care?

Answer 35

* in any patient encounter, a nurse needs to know what behavior is ethically appropriate * an ethic of care is unique, so professional nurses do not make professional decisions based solely on intellectual or analytical principles * an ethic of care places caring at the center of decision making

Question 36

what does providing presence to a patient mean?

Answer 36

* being with * eye contact * body language * tone of voice * listening * positive and encouraging attitude

Question 37

what does the caring behavior of touch accomplish?

Answer 37

* provides comfort * creates a connection

Question 38

what does the caring behavior of listening accomplish?

Answer 38

* creates trust * opens lines of communication * creates a mutual relationship

Question 39

what kinds of touch relate to nursing?

Answer 39

* non-contact touch * contact touch

Question 40

what kinds of contact touch are there?

Answer 40

* task oriented touch * caring touch * protective touch

Question 41

describe the caring behavior "knowing the patient"

Answer 41

* develops over time * the core process of clinical decision making

Question 42

**knowing the patient** aspects of knowing include:

Answer 42

* responses to therapy, routines, and habits * coping resources * physical capacities and endurance

Question 43

what are the challenges of caring?

Answer 43

* task oriented biomedical model * institutional demands * time constraints * reliance on technology, cost-effective strategies, and standardized work processes

Question 44

if health care is to make a positive difference in patients' lives, what must happen?

Answer 44

health care must become more holistic and humanistic