What are primary sources?
First-hand accounts, primary data
What are secondary sources?
Offer analysis, interpretation, or restatement of primary sources
What are some Consequences in Improper Data Collection?
- Inability to accurately answer research question
- Inability to repeat and validate the study
- Distorted findings, wasted resources
- Misleading other researchers
- Causing harm to human participants and animal subjects
What are the steps of constructing a questionnaire?
- Determine the Purpose
- Look for pre-existing questionnaires
- What are your domains and types of questions?
- Consider the audience
- Write the questions
- Ordering
- Cover Letter, Instructions, and Layout
- Pretest and Validation
What are Methods in Collecting Primary Data?
- Direct Personal Interviews
- Indirect/Questionnaire
- Focus Group
- Experiment
What are the domains of questions?
Behavior (Actions)
Beliefs (Agree/Disagree)
Evaluation (Satisfied/Dissatisfied)
What are the types of questions?
Open-ended
Close-ended
Contingency/Filter Questions
What are the Do’s and Don’ts of writing the questions?
- Watch your ranges
- Avoid abstract terms, jargons
- Clarify detail
- Avoid double-barreled Questions
- Avoid double-negatives
- Use the appropriate scale
What do you do when you consider the audience?
Who should I ask?
Choose appropriate data collection method
What are the types of ordering?
Funnel Sequence (General to Specific)
Inverted Funnel Sequence (Specific to General)
What are methods of collecting secondary data?
- Newspaper
- Financial Data
- Records maintained by institution
- Internal reports of government departments
- Official publications
What are the two types of samples?
Probability Sample
Non-probability Sample
What is a probability sample?
Use of probability technique
Use of judgement, randomization
Requires sampling frame
What is a non-probability sample?
Usually used in qualitative studies
Selected purposively, or taken as volunteers
What are the basic sampling techniques?
- Simple Random Sampling
- Stratified Random Sampling
- Systematic Random Sampling
- Cluster Sampling/Area Sampling
What are uses of Simple Random Sampling?
used for institutions: “students of PUP”
Not recommended for geographically spread out
What is Stratified Random Sampling?
divided into groups called strata, then taking a sample from each stratum
What is Systematic Random Sampling?
uses intervals
What is the use of Cluster Sampling/Area Sampling?
for geographically spread out
