Lecture 2

Question 1

What happens in the core of the sun?

Answer 1

The innermost region where nuclear fusion occurs

Question 2

what is the suns radiative zone

Answer 2

Surrounding the core transmitting energy through radiation

Question 3

What is the Suns Tachocline?

Answer 3

The layer between radiative and convective zone- transition between rigid type to fluid type motion

Question 4

Which layer of the Sun generates the magnetic field

Answer 4

the Tachocline

Question 5

What is the suns Convective zone

Answer 5

Outer layer of the sun where energy is transported by convection currents

Question 6

What do the convection currents lead to appearing on the suns surface

Answer 6

Granules - cells of convection current

Question 7

What does the differential rotation of the sun cause

Answer 7

distorted and wound up magnetic field

Question 8

What is the sun’s Photosphere

Answer 8

The surface of the sun

Question 9

What is the suns Chromosphere?

Answer 9

Above the photosphere- lots of energy still going on

Question 10

what is the suns transition region?

Answer 10

A thin highly varible layer- seperates cooler chronosphere to hotter corona

Question 11

What is the suns corona?

Answer 11

Hottest region around the sun- made of plasma- source of solar wind

Question 12

What causes solar wind

Answer 12

Corona hot- causes particles to move fast enough to escape the suns gravitational pull

Question 13

What causes fast solar wind

Answer 13

corona holes

Question 14

What are corona holes?

Answer 14

Areas where denisty and temperature are less high then other areas- easier for particles to escape

Question 15

What causes the solar cycle

Answer 15

Suns poles flipping every 11 years

Question 16

What is a sunspot

Answer 16

Area of high magnetic field that are cooler than their surroundings- as magnetic field reduces convection

Question 17

When two sunspots reconnect what happens?

Answer 17

A flare- and if its extreme enough then a CME will propegate out

Question 18

What does Flares and CME’s cause

Answer 18

Solar Engetic particles

Question 19

What are the two types of SEP’s

Answer 19

Impulsive
Gradual

Question 20

What are gradual SEP’s and what are they caused by?

Answer 20

Caused by CME’s, gradual wide spread- contribute to geomagnetic storms

Question 21

What are impulsive SEPS and what are they caused by

Answer 21

Short lived, localised, mostly contain heavy ions and electrons, caused by flares accererting space plasma in space

Question 22

What is the difference between flares and CME’s

Answer 22

Flares release radiation, CME’s release plasma

Question 23

Increasing sunspots leads to

Answer 23

increase in flares and CME’s

Question 24

Why do we use different instruments to observe subnspots?

Answer 24

See different dimensions (types of waves) of sunspots to see how they will react

Question 25

What is the difference between physics based and statistical models

Answer 25

Phyiscs based from first principles Statisical- from data

Question 26

What are the two types of AI for prediction?

Answer 26

Machine learning and deep learning

Question 27

How is machine learning used to predict suns activity

Answer 27

supervised learing based on data

Question 28

How is deep learning methods used to predict suns activity?

Answer 28

Based on aritfical nural networks