what are the criteria for ARDS?
- refractory hypoxemia
- P/F ratio < 300
what are the causes of ARDS?
- sepsis
- aspiration pneumonia
- chest trauma
- PE
- O2 toxicity (improper gas exchange)
- injury to lungs
how many phases does ARDS have?
3 phases
what are the causes of phase 1 ARDS?
- lung injury
- edema
- V/Q mismatch
- hypoxemia
- atelectasis
what are the causes for phase 3 ARDS?
- decreased lung compliance
- decreased area for gas exchange
- worsening pulmonary HTN
what are the causes for phase 2 ARDS?
- proliferative hypoxemia
- pulmonary HTN
- shunting
- fibrous tissue replacing deceased lung tissue
what are the manifestations for phase 1 ARDS?
- tachypnea
- tachycardia
- repspiratory alkalosis
what are the manifestations for phase 2 ARDS?
- increased WOB
- intercostal retractions
- diaphoresis
- cyanosis
- AMS
- crackles
- rhonchi
what are the manifestations for phase 3 ARDS?
- hypotensive
- decreased cardiac output
- severe hypoxemia
- tissue hypoxia
- lactic acidosis
what are diagnostics tests that will confirm ARDS?
- serial CXR
- ABG labs
- culture
- pulmonary function test (PFT)
how can you treat ARDS?
- oxygen support
- high-flow BiPAP
- mechanical ventilation
- ECMO
what are the medications for ARDS?
- analgesics
- sedatives
- neuromuscular blockers
- inotropics
- pressins
- steroids
- diuretics
what are the two types of respiratory failure?
- hypoxemic
- hypercapnic
what are the causes for hypoxemic respiratory failure?
- HF
- fluid volume overload
- PE
- COPD
- pneumonia
what causes for hypercapnic respiratory failure?
failure to expel excess CO2
- CNS problems
- respiratory depression
- brain trauma
- chronic asthma
what are the diagnostic tests for ARF?
- CXR
- ABG labs
- O2 sat
- V/Q scan
which medications are administered for ARF?
- steroids
- bronchodilators
- diuretics
- magnesium sulfate
- nitric oxide
- antibiotics
- benzos
- opioids
nursing interventions for ARF
- assess ABC
- elevated HOB
- suction
- oxygen therapy
- prepare for intubation
complications of ARF
- cardiac failure
- multiple organ dysfunction (MOD)
what are the complications of ARDS?
- MOD
- sepsis
- altered lung function
- VAP
- barotrauma
- ulcers
- VTE
- AKI
what is the treatment for ARF?
- O2 therapy
- mobilize secretions (TCDB, ambulation)
- diuresis
- antibiotics
define barotrauma
injury caused by excessive air or water pressure
what does hypercapnic respiratory failure indicate?
failure of ventilation
what does hypoxemic respiratory failure indicate?
falilure to perfuse
