Lecture 2 Blood (anaemia)

Question 1

What is anaemia and what are the reference ranges for:

1. Females
2. Males
3. Mild
4. Moderate
5. Severe

Answer 1

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Question 2

I’m gonna list symptoms and signs in examinations for anaemia - tell me why they exist:

1. Mild symptoms
2. Weakness
3. Short of breath
4. Heart racing, palpitations
5. Pounding in head/headache
6. Pallor of mucous membrane
7. Feel cold
8. If vascular disease present, then you can angina and claudication

Clinical exam

1. Pallor of mucous membranes (looking at lower eye lid)
2. Increased pulse rate
3. In severe anemia, pulse rate increased and retinal haemorrhage and heart failure
4. Severe anaemia with co-existing vascular disease: myocardial ischaemia in ECG/exercise test annnnnnd confusion - “brain failure” because ____?

Answer 2

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Question 3

A practical approach to assessing the blood screen:

1. What three things do you ask yourself and what are their technical names?
2. Is this the etiological classification of anaemia?

Answer 3

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Question 4

Causes of anaemia:

1. What’s the first and what’re some examples?
2. Impaired ____ ____ production because disturbance of what? What three things can cause that?
3. Increased rate of what? Inherited and acquired

Answer 4

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Question 5

Go read the table of anaemia classification and make sure you understand it

Answer 5

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Question 6

The kinetic picture of anaemias:

Draw these in your head and explain why you drew them that way

1. Normal erythropoiesis
2. Erythroid hypoplasia
3. Haemolytic anaemia
4. Ineffective erythropoiesis

Answer 6

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Question 7

Microcytic hypochromic anaemia:

1. Two main causes, what are they?
2. Those who have thaslassaemia - will they respond the iron treatment?

Answer 7

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Question 8

Macrocytic anaemia:

1. An important cause of it is?
2. What are other non-megaloblastic causes? (3)

Answer 8

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Question 9

Normocytic normochromic anaemia

1. A large and heterogenous (acquired) collection of anaemia. Many are common - what 6 causes are there?

Answer 9

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Question 10

Normocytic normochromic anaemia due to renal disease

1. Mainly due to….
2. Responds to _____ injection of erythropoietin
3. Some waste products do what to red cell survival?
4. Anaemia of ___ ____ may also be present
5. Blood doping - whaaaat is it
6. EPO treatment in cancer patients - Hb conc raised about what is bad and FDA cautioned?

Answer 10

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Question 11

Normocytic normochromic anaemia due to renal disease

1. Mainly due to….
2. Responds to _____ injection of erythropoietin
3. Some waste products do what to red cell survival?
4. Anaemia of ___ ____ may also be present
5. Blood doping - whaaaat is it
6. EPO treatment in cancer patients - Hb conc raised about what is bad and FDA cautioned?

Answer 11

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Question 12

(Mild) Normocytic normochromic anaemia from cancer

1. It is anaemia of chronic disease and what?
2. What two other factors may make the anaemia more severe

Answer 12

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Question 13

Inherited haemolytic anaemia

1. Uncommon/rare in NZ but what three things cause it?

Answer 13

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Question 14

What are acquired causes of haemolytic (4)

Answer 14

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Question 15

What are acquired causes of haemolytic (4)

Answer 15

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Question 16

What are the main tests for haemolysis? 2 in haematology and 1 from clinical schemes

Answer 16

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Question 17

What are acquired causes of haemolytic (4)

Answer 17

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Question 18

What are the main tests for haemolysis? 2 in haematology and 1 from clinical schemes

Answer 18

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