Lecture 2 notes

Question 1

What is the most widely used method of assessment?

Answer 1

The Clinical Interview

It typically includes gathering information about present complaints and how the problem affects daily functioning.

Question 2

Name the three major types of clinical interviews.

Answer 2

• Unstructured
• Semi-structured
• Structured

Each type varies in format and depth of questioning.

Question 3

What does a mental status examination assess?

Answer 3

• Appearance
• Mood
• Attention
• Perceptual and thinking processes
• Memory
• Orientation
• Level of awareness or insight
• Judgment

It evaluates various cognitive and emotional aspects of a person.

Question 4

Define intelligence.

Answer 4

Global capacity to understand the world and cope with its challenges

It includes traits associated with successful performance on intelligence tests.

Question 5

What does the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale measure?

Answer 5

Mental age, chronological age, and intelligence quotient (IQ)

IQ is calculated as MA/CA * 100.

Question 6

Who developed the first researched and standardized test of intelligence?

Answer 6

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

They focused on areas not explicitly taught in the classroom.

Question 7

What do the Wechsler Scales include?

Answer 7

• Verbal subtests
• Performance subtests

Verbal subtests require knowledge of verbal concepts, while performance subtests rely on spatial-relations skills.

Question 8

What is the range of IQ scores in the idealized distribution?

Answer 8

55 to 145

The bell-shaped curve peaks at 100.

Question 9

Name some self-report tests used in psychological assessment.

Answer 9

• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
• Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
• Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)
• Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI)

These tests assess various psychological traits and disorders.

Question 10

What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test used for?

Answer 10

To reveal aspects of a person’s personality

Responses to inkblots are analyzed for psychological insights.

Question 11

What does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) involve?

Answer 11

Constructing stories about ambiguous scenes

It is assumed that the stories reflect the respondent’s experiences and outlooks.

Question 12

What is the purpose of the House-Person-Tree test?

Answer 12

To infer cognitive, emotional, and social functioning

Test takers draw a house, person, and tree, and responses are analyzed.

Question 13

What is the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test used for?

Answer 13

To evaluate psychological problems reflecting neurological damage

It assesses visual-motor functioning.

Question 14

What does the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB) assess?

Answer 14

Cognitive functions and neuropsychological deficits

It is standardized for both adults and children.

Question 15

What is the focus of behavioral assessments?

Answer 15

Objective recording or description of problem behavior

It contrasts with inferences about personality traits.

Question 16

What is self-monitoring in behavioral assessments?

Answer 16

Recording or observing one’s own behavior, thoughts, or emotions

It can include counting behaviors like food intake or study periods.

Question 17

What does the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire measure?

Answer 17

Frequency of automatic negative thoughts

It is associated with depression.

Question 18

What are some physiological measurement techniques?

Answer 18

• Galvanic skin response (GSR)
• Electroencephalograph (EEG)
• Electromyograph (EMG)

These techniques examine physiological responses related to emotional states.

Question 19

What is the purpose of brain imaging techniques like MRI?

Answer 19

To create detailed images of the body’s structures

MRI uses non-invasive technology to reveal problems in difficult-to-see areas.

Question 20

What does the Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provide?

Answer 20

Common language for diagnosing mental disorders

It includes specific criteria for objective assessment.

Question 21

What is the ICD used for?

Answer 21

To provide knowledge on the extent, causes, and consequences of human disease

It serves a broad range of uses globally.

Question 22

What are the features of the DSM?

Answer 22

• Classifies abnormal behavior patterns as mental disorders
• Uses specific diagnostic criteria
• Groups similar disorders together

A diagnosis is given only when the minimum number of symptoms are present.

Question 23

What is the Clinical Psychologist’s educational requirement?

Answer 23

Doctoral degree in psychology (Ph.D. or Psy.D.)

They specialize in administering psychological tests and practicing psychotherapy.

Question 24

What is the role of a Psychiatrist?

Answer 24

Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

They can prescribe psychiatric drugs and conduct psychotherapy.

Question 25

What degree does a **Social Worker** typically hold?

Answer 25

Master’s degree in social work (M.S.W.) ## Footnote They help people with severe psychological disorders access services.

Question 26

What is **psychopharmacology**?

Answer 26

Field studying the effects of drugs on behavior and psychological functioning ## Footnote It explores the use of psychoactive drugs in emotional disorder treatment.

Question 27

What is **Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)** used for?

Answer 27

Treatment of severe depression ## Footnote It induces a convulsive seizure using electric current.

Question 28

What does **free association** involve in psychoanalysis?

Answer 28

Speaking whatever comes to mind without censorship ## Footnote It uncovers unconscious thoughts and feelings.

Question 29

What is the focus of **behavior therapy**?

Answer 29

Changing behavior, not personality ## Footnote It applies learning principles to help clients.

Question 30

What is **systematic desensitization**?

Answer 30

A method involving relaxation and a hierarchy of fears ## Footnote It helps replace anxiety with calm.

Question 31

What is the **token economy** behavioral intervention?

Answer 31

Earning tokens for desired actions to exchange for rewards ## Footnote It reinforces positive behavior changes.

Question 32

What is the **focus of humanistic-existential therapies**?

Answer 32

Client-led therapeutic process ## Footnote It emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization.

Question 33

What is a **token economy**?

Answer 33

A behavioral intervention system where individuals earn tokens for performing desired actions, which they exchange for rewards ## Footnote Tokens can be points, stickers, or chips.

Question 34

What does **modeling** involve in therapy?

Answer 34

Observational learning where clients learn new skills by watching a therapist demonstrate desired behaviors ## Footnote Rooted in Bandura's Social Learning Theory.

Question 35

Define **person-centered therapy**.

Answer 35

A humanistic approach where the client leads the therapeutic process with a supportive, non-judgmental therapist ## Footnote Focuses on the client's perspective and experiences.

Question 36

What is the goal of **emotion-focused therapy**?

Answer 36

To help individuals understand, process, and transform emotions to improve well-being and relationships ## Footnote Focuses on emotional awareness, regulation, and transformation.

Question 37

What do cognitive-behavioral therapies focus on?

Answer 37

Helping clients identify and correct maladaptive beliefs, automatic thinking, and self-defeating attitudes ## Footnote Negative emotions are caused by interpretations of events, not the events themselves.

Question 38

What is **rational emotive therapy**?

Answer 38

A form of psychotherapy that helps people identify and challenge irrational, self-defeating beliefs ## Footnote Developed by Albert Ellis to reduce emotional distress.

Question 39

What does **Beck's cognitive therapy** aim to change?

Answer 39

Negative thinking patterns and core beliefs that fuel emotional distress ## Footnote Forms the basis of modern Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).

Question 40

What is **Meichenbaum's cognitive-behavioral therapy**?

Answer 40

Integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques to change maladaptive self-talk and self-narratives ## Footnote Focuses on altering behaviors through cognitive changes.

Question 41

Define **eclectic therapy**.

Answer 41

A flexible, personalized approach blending techniques from various therapeutic models ## Footnote Also known as integrative therapy.

Question 42

What is **computer-assisted therapy**?

Answer 42

Uses software, AI, and the internet to deliver mental health treatments ## Footnote Enhances traditional therapy and improves access for conditions like depression and anxiety.

Question 43

What is the **Indigenous healing perspective** on mental wellness?

Answer 43

A balance of physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects ## Footnote Considers mental wellness as a continuum from minimal to optimal.

Question 44

Does psychotherapy work?

Answer 44

Yes, average psychotherapy clients are better off than 75–80% of untreated clients ## Footnote Based on hundreds of controlled studies comparing various types of therapies.

Question 45

What is **civil commitment**?

Answer 45

Legal process to place an individual in a psychiatric institution against their will ## Footnote For individuals deemed mentally disordered and a threat to themselves or others.

Question 46

What is **legal commitment**?

Answer 46

Confining a person found 'not criminally responsible' due to a mental disorder in a psychiatric institution ## Footnote Involves individuals who cannot be held criminally responsible for their actions.

Question 47

What is the **duty to warn**?

Answer 47

Obligation of therapists to warn third parties of threats made by clients ## Footnote Established in the Tarasoff case (1976) regarding public safety.

Question 48

What are the **three conditions** sufficient to impose duty to warn?

Answer 48

* Special relationship * Reasonable prediction of dangerous conduct * Foreseeable victim ## Footnote Even if the victim is not specifically named.

Question 49

What are patients' rights in therapy?

Answer 49

* Right to treatment * Right to refuse treatment ## Footnote Ensures ethical treatment and respect for autonomy.

Question 50

What is the **insanity defense**?

Answer 50

Pleading not criminally responsible due to a mental disorder ## Footnote Known as NCRMD in modern Canadian terminology.

Question 51

What is **competency to stand trial**?

Answer 51

A judge can order compulsory treatment if a defendant is found unfit to stand trial due to a mental disorder ## Footnote Ensures fair legal proceedings.