Lecture 2 Structure and Function

Question 1

What is the CNS and PNS?

Answer 1

CNS: Central Nervous System, represents every part of our nervous system that is encapsulated in bone
- Spinal cord
- Brainstem
- thalamus
- cortex
PNS: Peripheral Nervous System, represents nervous system connections that are made to the rest of the body
- Cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
- autonomic nervous system

Question 2

What is Cortical Complexity, what is its purpose?

Answer 2

Its the addition fold present in the brain, this allows for greater surface area without increasing the relative size of the brain.

Question 3

Anatomical Directions and their names?
Global Directions: ADPV, ML
Local Directions: RCSI

Answer 3

• Dorsal: top of part of brain
• Posterior: back part of brain
• Anterior: front of brain
• Ventral: underside of brain
• Medial: towards the inside
• Lateral: towards the outside
• Rostral: Towards the front
• Caudal: Towards the back
• Superior: Towards the top
• Inferior: Towards the bottom

Question 4

Meanings of naming conventions:
Fissure
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
Decussate
Proximal

Answer 4

Fissure, major separation
Ipsilateral, Same side
Contralateral, Opposite side
Decussate, Cross midline
Proximal, Close to point of reference

Question 5

Planes of Brain images

Answer 5

Frontal plane: Cut with frontal slice
Horizontal plane: Flat cut
sagittal plane: Cut from middle in the big fissure

Question 6

3 Ways of Organizing the brain

Answer 6

1. Cortical areas named by parts of skull
   - Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe, Brainstem and Cerebellum
2. Cellular differences
   - 52 architecturally distinct areas of the brain.
3. 5 major divisions in embryonic development
   - Telencephalon, Diencephalon, Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

Question 7

Telencephalon Purpose (forebrain)

Answer 7

Regulates mental processes
such as cognition and forethought

Question 8

Hypothalamus Purpose (forebrain)

Answer 8

Fleeing
Fighting
Foraging
Sex

Question 9

Limbic system purpose (forebrain)

Answer 9

involved in the
regulation of motivated
behaviours

Question 10

Mesencephalon Parts and functions (midbrain)

Answer 10

Tectum
-Reflective coordination
-between auditory and
-visual input

Tegmentum
- regulatory pathways
- Periaqueductal gray (PAIN)
- Red nucleus (MOTOR CONTROL)
- Substantia Nigra (MOVEMENT)

Question 11

Hindbrain Parts and Function (Metencephalon, Myelencephalon)

Answer 11

Pons
- primary role in arousal, attention, and sleep and wakefulness.
Cerebellum
- Coordinates voluntary movements, muscle tone and balance
Medulla
- Regulate autonomic functions such as respirator and cardiovascular function