1
Q
what are the four basic tissue types?
A
- epithelium
- connective tissue
- muscle
- nerve
2
Q
what are the four main functions of epithelial tissue?
A
- forms barriers (b/w inside and outside world, and between compartments within the body)
- covers exposed body surfaces
- lines organs, body cavities, and tubes
- forms all glands of the body
3
Q
what are the four main functions of connective tissue?
A
- links tissues and organs together
- provides structure and metabolic support
- stores energy
- forms the immune system
4
Q
what are the three main functions of muscle tissue?
A
- specialized for contraction
- generates force to: produce motion and move substances
- maintain body temperature
5
Q
what are the two main functions of nervous tissue?
A
- receives, processes, and integrates signals from within the body and from the external environment
- generates and transmits impulses that control and integrate the various functions of the body
6
Q
what does it mean for a tissue to be continuous?
A
similar cells (look, size, shape) are all lined up with tight jxns between them
7
Q
- continuous
- avascular but richly innervated
- rest on basal lamina
- little extracellular matrix (ECM)
- polarized
- high regeneration
these are all characteristics of what type of tissue?
A
epithelia
8
Q
what does it mean for cells to be polarized?
A
- organelles are not homogeneous
- apical and basolateral surfaces differ
9
Q
basement membranes are formed from:
A
ECM from epithelium (basil lamina) + ECM from connective tissue (reticular lamina)
10
Q
how are epithelia classified?
A
epithelia are named based on:
1) number of layers of cells
2) shape of cells in outermost (apical) layer
11
Q
type of epithelia comprised of a single layer of flat cells
A
simple squamous epithelium
12
Q
where is simple squamous epithelium found?
A
- lines body cavities (mesothelium)
- lines heart chambers and blood vessels (endothelium)
- lines sites of gas exchange in the lungs
13
Q
what are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?
A
- secretes lubricating substance (reduces friction)
- controls vessel permeability
- allows material to pass by diffusion
14
Q
type of epithelia comprised of a single layer of cells where height equals width
A
simple cuboidal epithelium
15
Q
where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
A
- in glands and their ducts
- lines portions of the kidney (tubules)
16
Q
what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
A
where secretion and absorption occurs
17
Q
type of epithelia comprised of a single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide
A
simple columnar epithelium
18
Q
where is simple columnar epithelium found?
A
lines the digestive tract
19
Q
what is the function of simple columnar epithelium?
A
provides absorption and protection, can secrete mucus and enzymes
20
Q
type of epithelia comprised of a single layer of epithelia of different sizes (all cells touch the basal lamina but not all may reach luminal/apical surface)
A
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
21
Q
where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?
A
the respiratory tract
22
Q
what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
A
protection, secrection of mucus, and motility
23
Q
type of epithelia comprised of multiple layers of cells with the outermost layer being thin and flattened
A
stratified squamous epithelium
24
Q
where is stratified squamous epithelium found?
A
where mechanical stresses are severe
- outer layers of skin (keratinized)
- lines oral cavity, esophagus, anus, and vagina
25
what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
prevents skin from drying out, provides protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemicals
26
type of epithelia with two or three layers of cells with the outermost layer of cells of equal height and width
stratified cuboidal epithelium
27
where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
in ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands
28
what is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
involved in secretion
29
type of epithelia with 2+ layers of cells, height of outer layer of cells greater than width
stratified columnar epithelium
30
where is stratified columnar epithelium found?
intermediate locations in humans (reproductive ducts)
31
what is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?
involved in changes of function to organ systems
32
type of epithelia with multiple layers of cells (outermost layers being dome shaped) that change in appearance with stretching
transitional epithelium
33
where is transitional epithelium found?
the urinary tract
34
what is the function of transitional epithelium?
expansion and protection
35
all glands are composed of what type of cells?
epithelial cells
36
glands that release secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces
exocrine glands
37
glands that lack ducts and secrete hormones into the blood
endocrine glands
38
how are exocrine glands formed?
1) epithelial cells grow into underlying connective tissue
2) secretory cells remain connected to the surface by a duct
39
how are endocrin glands formed?
1) epithelial cells grow into underlying connective tissue
2) connecting cells disappear
3) secretions released into blood vessels
40
- cells dispersed in abundant ECM
- provides structural and metabolic support to other tissues and organs
- link different tissues together
- link tissues and organs together to generate overall body form
- aid with wound repair
- protects body against infection
these are all characteristics of what type of tissue?
connective tissue
41
what are the three classes of connective tissue?
proper, fluid, and supportive
42
how are the different types of connective tissue classified?
based on:
- specific cell types
- types of fibres
- density of fibres
43
type of connective tissue with many types of cells and extra-cellular fibres in a syrupy ground substance
proper CT
44
type of connective tissue with a distinctive population of cells suspended in a watery matrix containing dissolved proteins
fluid CT
45
type of connective tissue with a more homogenous population of cells and matrix contains closely packed fibres
supporting CT
46
secrete ECM and can produce different fibre types
fibroblasts
47
hydrated gel which provides compression strength
ground substance
48
collagen, elastic, and reticular are all types of:
fibres
49
stores lipid reserves, energy storage
adipocytes
50
ingest debris and function in immune response
macrophages
51
what are the five basic structures of proper connective tissue?
- fibroblasts
- ground substance
- fibres
- adipocytes
- macrophages
52
cells that are found in a developing embryo and is the origin of all connective tissue - they remain as stem cells in adult tissue
mesenchyme
53
what is the function of loose connective tissue?
fills spaces between organs, provide cushioning and support
54
what are the three types of loose connective tissue?
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
55
the most common and least specialized connective tissue which has an open framework (w/ ground substance and elastic fibres)
areolar connective tissue
56
what is the function of areolar connective tissue?
links together tissues and organs (encompasses organs), and is often found with epithelium
57
type of connective tissues that forms deposits in specific areas of the body (commonly known as fat tissue)
adipose connective tissue
58
what is the function of adipose CT?
functions in padding, insulation, and energy storage
59
type of connective tissue that forms the stroma for hemopoietic tissues (spleen and bone marrow) and lymphoid structures and organs
reticular connective tissue
60
what is the function of reticular connective tissue?
forms soft tissue "skeletons", supportive structure
61
type of connective tissue with relatively little ground substance and few cells compared to other CT
dense connective tissue
62
what are the two types of dense connective tissue?
regular and irregular
63
type of connective tissue where fibres are aligned in one direction
dense regular
64
where is dense regular connective tissue found?
forms tendons and ligaments
65
what is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
provides attachment, conducts pull of muscles, reduces friction, holds bones in place
66
type of connective tissue where fibres are unaligned and run at a variety of angle
dense irregular connective tissue
67
where is dense irregular connective tissue found?
dermis of skin, organ capsules, sheaths around bones, muscles, and nerves
68
what is the function of dense irregular tissue?
provides strength and resistance to forces in multiple directions, prevents overexpansion of organs
69
what are the four main types of membranes?
- mucus
- serous
- cutaneous
- synovial
70
what two tissue types make up membranes?
epithelium and connective tissue
71
what are the two types of fluid connective tissue?
blood and lymph
72
what is blood made of?
various blood cells (rbcs, wbcs, platelets) and plasma (dilute proteins which forms the fluid matrix)
73
what is lymph made of?
lymph fluid (proteins + excess interstitial fluid) and lymphocytes
74
type of connective tissue that consists of cartilage and bone
supporting connective tissue
75
what is the function of supporting connective tissue?
support and protection of soft tissues in the body and body framework
76
- elongated cells
- specialized to contract
- generates force
these are all characteristics of what type of tissue?
muscle tissue
77
what are the three main types of muscle tissue?
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
78
- cylindrical
- multinucleated
- striated
- powerful but easily fatigued
- attaches to bone
- involved in voluntary contractions
these are all characteristics of what type of muscle tissue?
skeletal muscle
79
- striated
- mononucleate (central nucleus)
- branching fibres with intercalated discs
- specialized for continuous and rhythmic beating
- involved in involuntary contractions
these are all characteristics of what type of muscle tissue?
cardiac muscle
80
- spindle shaped
- mononucleate (central nucleus)
- non-striated
- slow, sustained contractions
- associated with viscera
- involved in involuntary contractions
these are all characteristics of what type of muscle tissue?
smooth muscle
81
- contains large cells with elongated processes
- contains smaller cells which support, protect, and provide framework for large cells
- receives, processes and integrates signals from within the body and the external environment
- generates and transmits impulses which control and integrate the various functions of the body
these are all characteristics of what type of tissue?
nervous tissue
82
what are the four main components of neurons?
- cell body
- dendrites
- axon
- presynaptic terminals
83
nerve cells and muscle cells interact at the:
neuromuscular junctions
84
sensory information being carried to the CNS travels along the:
dorsal root
85
motor information being carried away from the CNS travels along the:
ventral root
86
most axons in the CNS and PNS are insulated by:
myelin sheaths
87
where are myelin sheaths produced?
glials cells:
- oligodendrocytes (CNS)
- schwann cells (PNS)
88
what is the purpose of myelin sheaths?
protection of axon and increases conduction velocity
89
what are the four main types of supporting cells in the CNS?
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
- ependymal cells
- microglia
90
function as the physical support, metabolic and ionic homeostasis, and protection of the CNS
astrocytes
91
produce myelin sheaths in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
92
produces cerebrospinal fluid
ependymal cells
93
functions as macrophages in the CNS
microglia
ANAT 200
flashcards
Decks in class (24)
# Cards
-
Lecture 1 - Body Organization and Terminology31
-
Lecture 2 - Tissue Types93
-
Lecture 3 - Intro to the Skeletal System68
-
Lecture 4 - The Axial Skeletion93
-
Lecture 5 - The Appendicular Skeleton74
-
Lecture 6 - Intro to the Muscular System54
-
Lecture 7 - Axial Musculature90
-
Lecture 8 - Appendicular Musculature112
-
Lecture 9 - Integumentary System110
-
Lecture 10 - Heart and Great Vessels71
-
Lecture 11 - Blood and Lymph Systems105
-
Lecture 12 - Neurons and Brain Structure68
-
Lecture 13 - Spinal Pathways43
-
Muscles and Their Associated Cranial and Spinal Nerves (from Lectures 7&8)15
-
Lecture 14 - The PNS62
-
Lecture 15 - Cranial Nerves97
-
Lecture 16 - Gastrointestinal System Part I76
-
Lecture 17 - Gastrointestinal System Part II118
-
Lecture 18 - Endocrine System73
-
Lecture 19 - The Respiratory System84
-
Lecture 20 - The Urinary System97
-
Lecture 21 - The Male Reproductive System103
-
Lecture 22 - The Female Reproductive System Part I88
-
Lecture 23 - The Female Reproductive System Part II114
