Lecture 23

Question 1

What are the causes of renal infarcts in various species?

Answer 1

*cattle and pigs:
-vegetative valvular endocarditis

*cats:
-hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

*dogs:
-nephrotic syndrome

*all species:
-endotoxin-mediated thrombosis due to gram-neg. sepsis

Question 2

What are the types of primary neoplasia seen in the kidneys?

Answer 2

*tubular epithelium:
-renal adenoma vs carcinoma

*urothelium:
-urothelial carcinoma

*fetal epithelium:
-nephroblastoma

*endothelium:
-hemangiosarcoma

Question 3

What is the most common primary renal neoplasia in dogs?

Answer 3

renal cell carcinoma

Question 4

Which type of tissue lines the renal pelvis?

Answer 4

urothelium

Question 5

What is the most common primary renal neoplasia in pigs and chickens?

Answer 5

nephroblastoma

Question 6

What are the potential causes of lower urinary tract congenital anomalies?

Answer 6

-genetic
-exposure to a toxin in utero
-viral infection in utero

Question 7

What are the common congenital anomalies of the lower urinary tract?

Answer 7

-ectopic ureter
-circumcaval ureter
-urachal remnant
-hypospadias

Question 8

What are the various terms for inflammation of the lower urinary tract?

Answer 8

*pyelitis
-inflammation of renal pelvis

*ureteritis
-inflammation of the ureters

*cystitis
-inflammation of urinary bladder

Question 9

What are the possible causes of cystitis?

Answer 9

*bacteria
-most common cause
-typically E. coli

*urolithiasis
*idiopathic (cats)
*chemical
-blister beetle
-bracken fern
-cyclophosphamide

Question 10

What are the natural antibacterial activities associated with lower urinary tract/urine?

Answer 10

-normal voiding of urine
-low pH
-high osmolality
-shedding urothelium
-secretory IgA
-mucin/mucus (horses)

Question 11

What are the gross findings in acute cystitis?

Answer 11

-mucosal hemorrhage and ulceration
-production of exudate

Question 12

What are the gross findings in chronic cystitis?

Answer 12

-mucous metaplasia of urothelium
-multifocal lymphoid hyperplasia and follicular cystitis
-formation of mucosal polyps and polypoid cystitis

Question 13

What is the most likely cause of severe hemorrhagic cystitis?

Answer 13

Corynebacterium

Question 14

What is the most likely cause of moderate to marked suppurative cystitis?

Answer 14

E. coli

Question 15

What are the characteristics of chronic lymphofollicular cystitis in dogs?

Answer 15

-associated with recurrent UTIs
-lymphoid follicles often surrounded by red rim; “chronic-active”

Question 16

What are the characteristics of chronic polypoid cystitis?

Answer 16

-mostly in dogs and cattle; any species affected
-non-neoplastic nodular, papillary, or polypoid mucosal/submucosal proliferations
-causes lower urinary tract signs and hematuria
-caused by chronic irritation

Question 17

What is the pathogenesis of chronic polypoid cystitis?

Answer 17

-chronic irritation
-urothelial hyperplasia and edema
-inflammation +/- infection
-tissue breakdown and hematuria
-repeat cycle

Question 18

What are the possible compositions of uroliths?

Answer 18

-cystine
-silicone
-struvite
-calcium carbonate
-oxalate
-urate

Question 19

What are the characteristics of sabulous cystitis?

Answer 19

-associated with paralysis and distention in horses
-frequently idiopathic
-composed of mucus and calcium carbonate

Question 20

What are the predisposing factors for urinary calculi?

Answer 20

-increased urinary concentration of stone constituents
-urinary tract infections; organic matrix and pH
-phosphate and silica excess in diet
-pH deviations
-low water consumption/dehydration
-hereditary
-presence of a nidus

Question 21

What are the potential consequences of urolithiasis?

Answer 21

-none if stone passed in urine
-secondary infection/inflammation
-obstruction leading to hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and acute renal failure
-urocystoliths leading to urethral obstruction and potential bladder or urethral rupture

Question 22

What are the potential locations for urolithiasis obstruction?

Answer 22

-prostate
-ischial arch
-sigmoid flexture
-os penis
-penile urethra
-urethral process

Question 23

What are the possible epithelial neoplasms of the lower urinary tract?

Answer 23

-urothelial papilloma
-urothelial carcinoma
-squamous cell carcinoma
-adenocarcinoma

Question 24

What are the possible mesenchymal neoplasms of the lower urinary tract?

Answer 24

-leiomyoma
-fibrosarcoma
-botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 25

What are the general characteristics of urothelial tumors?

Answer 25

-most are malignant -metastasize widely -uncommon to see a tumor metastasize to urinary bladder

Question 26

What are the clinical signs of urothelial tumors?

Answer 26

-hematuria -stranguria -pollakiuria -incontinence -abdominal pain

Question 27

What are the characteristics of environmental carcinogens and urinary bladder tumors?

Answer 27

-only bracken fern is proven to induce carcinoma; others do so experimentally -caution with topical insecticides, benzene, and aromatic amines -chemicals can be concentrated in urine at 200x blood levels -caution with cigarette smokers and living near marsh/wetland

Question 28

Which mutation is associated with canine urothelial carcinoma?

Answer 28

BRAF mutation

Question 29

Which virus is associated with bovine urinary bladder tumors?

Answer 29

bovine papillomavirus

Question 30

What are the characteristics of enzootic hematuria?

Answer 30

-caused by chronic ingestion of bracken fern and association with BPV2 -contains quercetin and ptaquiloside -carcinogenic; leads to mesenchymal/epithelial, benign or malignant tumors -often accompanied by chronic cystitis

Question 31

What are the characteristics of botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma?

Answer 31

-looks like a cluster of grapes in urinary bladder at trigone -derived from skeletal muscle of urinary bladder wall -seen in young dogs -St. Bernards predisposed -clinical signs of hematuria, urinary obstruction, hydroureter, hydronephrosis, and hypertrophic osteopathy