Lecture 25

Question 1

order primates

Answer 1

within euarchontoglires, lorises, lemurs, monkeys, apes (including humans)

Question 2

4 primate characteristics

Answer 2

1. thumb and toe widely separated from other digits to allow grasping
2. flat nails (rather than narrow claws) on at least some digits
3. forward-facing eyes (stereoscopic vision allowing depth perception – important for treedwelling animals)
4. pentadactyl appendages (plesiomorphic)

Question 3

anthropoids

Answer 3

diurnal, includes monkeys and apes

Question 4

lemurs

Answer 4

ancestors arrived in madagascar, rafting on mats of vegetation from mainland africa

Question 5

monkeys

Answer 5

new world and old world (paraphyletic, share common ancestor with apes)

Question 6

new world monkeys

Answer 6

arboreal (live in trees)

Question 7

old world monkeys

Answer 7

both arboreal and mostly terrestrial

Question 8

apes

Answer 8

non-monkey anthropoids

Question 9

Hominidae

Answer 9

the great apes, non-gibbon apes

Question 10

hominidae 4 groups

Answer 10

1. homo (humans)
2. pongo (orangutans)
3. pan (chimpanzees and bonobos)
4. gorilla (gorillas)

Question 11

chimpanzees and bonobos (pan)

Answer 11

closest living relatives to Homo, differ in 19 regulatory genes

Question 12

human characteristics

Answer 12

1. bipedalism (changes in pelvic structure make humans efficient walkers)
2. flexible opposable thumb (delicate manipulation rather than power grip)
3. large brain

Question 13

Homo sapiens

Answer 13

only extant species of Homo

Question 14

origin of bipedalism

Answer 14

earliest evidence footprint trails 3.5 MYA, pelvic structure of Ardipithecus ramidus suggests upright walking

Question 15

origin of Homo

Answer 15

1. earliest evidence in Africa 2.5 MYA

Question 16

Homo habilis

Answer 16

made stone tools

Question 17

Homo ergaster

Answer 17

smaller teeth, may have cooked food

Question 18

Homo erectus

Answer 18

colonized Asia

Question 19

Homo neanderthalensis

Answer 19

Neanderthals, some hybridization with modern humans

Question 20

human diversity

Answer 20

remarkable degree of morphological diversity, idea of clear-cut races outmoded, science of anthropology