what is the def of perceiver and target
- Perceiver (subject) - someone whose cognition we are interested in, who makes perceptions/observations about environment and world
- Target (object) - social stimuli, someone who we talk about, but don’t care about their cognition/what is going on in their mind
what is the stereotype threat in women experiment?
- male/female college students (mixed in each condition)
- Objectively difficult test of mathematical ability
Study 1 (indirect): test presented as easy vs hard
Study 2 (direct): test presented as revealing gender differences or not (one condition told test will reveal gender differences and other condition isn’t told that)
what did the 2 studies from the stereotype experiment show
study 1: when told the task is easy both male and female did the same, when told task is hard, both groups did worse but male did better than female
study 2: when told nothing about stereotype both groups had equal scores and not too well, when told it would reveal gender difference men do a lot better than women and women get a very low score
what message can we learn from the stereotype threat study?
- Perception of stereotype impact performance (your cognition and how you THINK you will perform will affect performance)
- Gender stereotype has a strong impact on us
what are some examples of the power of cognitive perspectives OF THE PERCEIVER on targets’ behavior
- People have tendency to adjust behavior because of the expectation of someone else
- Perceiver is tourist and come into country wanting to see culture which influences local people to act more cultural
- The self-fulfilling prophecy (19467) - false definition of situation evoking a new behavior which makes the originally false conception to come true
what is the self-sustaining prophecy?
- starts from any belief and creates social situation and reinforces belief (def of situation leads to behavior regardless of whether the def is true or false)
- such behavior keeps the situation as it is, intensifies its characteristics, and prevents it from changing
what is the Pygmalion in the Classroom experiment?
Public elementary schools
IQ Pretest - identify to the teachers random 20% as “late bloomers” - experimenter told teachers this based on the test results (not actually from results, just randomly chosen)
IQ Retest - measure gains in IQ
Perceiver: Teacher (we are manipulating their cognition)
Target: students (we observe them)
All students: “bloomers” had better IQ than controls
1st grade and 2nd grade: “bloomers” did better than controls
what was the pygmalion effect in classroom
Teachers toward “bloomers” gave more feedback, smiled more, lenient, gave more input, positive, seaked out more output
SELF FULFILLING PROPHECY - late bloomer did do better
what was The “Noise Weapon” Experiment
Condition 1: reaction time game (when see something, press button… to check reaction) - target
Condition 2: noise weapon game (give white noise) - perceiver
They switch conditions and compete against each other
Perceiver either get info from questionnaire and make assumption from it (they are hostile) or say nothing because they are given nothing
More % of subjects are hostile than non hostile
They switch conditions and compete against each other (condition 1 is perceiver, condition 2 is target)
Target that was told are hostile ARE shown to be more hostile (since they are blasted more, retaliate more)
what does the “When Belief Creates Reality” study state
social beliefs channel the remembering of past
events and the unfolding of future events in ways that determine
both the subjective and objective reality of their beliefs
Perceivers’ Beliefs ➔ Perceivers’ Behavior ➔ Elicit
Targets’ Responses ➔ Confirming Perceivers’ Beliefs
