Which species is affected is macadamia nut toxicosis?
dogs
What are the clinical signs of macadamia nut toxicosis?
-weakness
-depression
-vomiting
-ataxia
-tremors
-hyperthermia
-pain
What is the timeline for macadamia nut toxicosis?
-signs begin 6 to 24 h post-ingestion
-resolve within 36 to 48 h
How is macadamia nut toxicosis diagnosed?
-clinical signs
-nut in feces and/or vomit
-increased WBC
-increased lipase
-increased ALP
What is the treatment for macadamia nut toxicity?
-emesis
-1 dose of AC
-IV fluids
-anti-emetics
-at home monitoring
-will resolve on its own if left untreated
What are the characteristics of tremorgenic mycotoxins?
-toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi
-seen in moldy food and compost piles
What are the clinical effects of tremorgenic mycotoxins?
-mild to moderate whole-body tremors
-panting
-hypersalivation
-vomiting
-tachycardia
-restless
-hyperesthesia
-ataxia
-tetanic seizures
-stupor
-coma
-hyperthermia
-dehydration
-lactic acidosis
-rhabdomyolysis
How are tremorgenic mycotoxins diagnosed?
-history
-clinical signs
-response to treatment
-minimum database
-analysis of feed or stomach contents
What is the management for tremorgenic mycotoxins?
-emesis or gastric lavage
-single dose of AC
-methocarbamol
-ILE therapy
-IV fluids
-temp. monitoring
What is the prognosis for tremorgenic mycotoxins?
good prognosis with treatment
What are the characteristics of beer hops?
-used during beer brewing
-all parts are toxic
-cause a malignant hyperthermia-like reaction
-variable prognosis
What are the consequences of malignant hyperthermia?
-excessive heat production
-muscle damage
-lactic acidosis
-release of K+, myoglobin, and CK
What are the clinical effects of beer hops toxicity?
-severe hyperthermia
-increased HR and RR
-muscle rigidity/restlessness
-vomiting/diarrhea/abdominal pain
-metabolic acidosis
-arrhythmias
-acute renal failure
-organ failure
-death
What is the timeline for beer hops toxicity?
-signs within 2 to 8 h
-death within 2 to 30 h
What are the bloodwork/labwork findings in beer hops toxicosis?
CHEM:
-inc. K
-inc. P
-inc. CK
-inc. AST
BLOOD GAS:
-lactic acidosis
-inc. CO2
COAG:
-thrombocytopenia
-inc. PT and PTT
UA:
-pigmenturia
-myoglobinuria
What is the management for beer hops toxicity?
-emesis and activated charcoal (asymptomatic)
-cold water gastric lavage (symptomatic)
-aggressive cooling
-IV fluids
-dantrolene
-cyproheptadine
What are the toxic effects of bread dough?
-yeast produces ethanol and CO2
-ethanol leads to alcohol intoxication
-metabolic acidosis
-hypoglycemia
-gastric distension
What are the clinical effects of bread dough toxicity?
-vomiting/retching
-hypersalivation
-gastric distension
-abdominal pain
-decreased BP
-variable HR changes
-vocalization
-ataxia
-CNS depression
-resp. depression
-coma
-cardiac arrest
-death
What are the labwork findings in bread dough toxicity cases?
BLOOD:
-metabolic acidosis
-hypoglycemia
-electrolyte disorders
RADS:
-gastric distension
-foreign material in stomach +/- intestines
What is the management for bread dough toxicity?
-emesis with no gastric distention
-cold water gastric lavage
-IV fluids
-dextrose for hypoglycemia
-yohimbine or atipamazole (CNS/resp. depression)
-surgery for obstructions
-monitor temp., glucose, BP, and ECG
What are the characteristics of aflatoxin?
-produced by toxigenic strains of Aspergillus
-found in moldy food items or contaminated grains
-causes hepatocyte necrosis and glutathione depletion
-animals often present symptomatic
-signs can be delayed 3+ weeks after exposure
What are the clinical signs of aflatoxin toxicity?
-anorexia
-depression
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-fever
-icterus
-seizures
-death
What are the bloodwork findings in aflatoxin toxicity?
CBC:
-leukocytosis
CHEM:
-inc. ALT, ALP, bilirubin
-dec. cholesterol, albumin, glucose
GAS:
-elevated ammonia
COAG:
-inc. PT and PTT
-thrombocytopenia
How is aflatoxin toxicity diagnosed?
-analysis of suspected contaminated food items
-liver histopath.
-aflatoxin residues in urine, liver, and/or kidney
