1
Q
Is the Somatic or Automatic Nerous system internal
A
Automatic
2
Q
Is the Somatic or Automatic Nervous System external
A
Somatic
3
Q
What in teh Somatic Nervous System is about the 5 senses
A
afferent nerves
4
Q
What in the Somatic Nervous System is about skeletal motor
A
efferent nerves
5
Q
What are two nervous systems in efferent nerves
A
symptahteic and parasympathetic
6
Q
Ovum + Sperm =
A
zygote
7
Q
5 phases of neurodevelopment
A
induction of neural palte, nueral proliferation, migration and aggregation, axon growth/synpase formation, synapse refinment
8
Q
What is the germinal stage the time frame of
A
fertilization to implantation in the uterus
9
Q
How long does the germinal stage typically take
A
8-10 days
10
Q
potency
A
the ability to develop into different cell types
11
Q
totipotent
A
morula
12
Q
pluripotent (embryonic stem cells)
A
blastocyst
13
Q
What is the baby in at the end of the germinal stage
A
a comact disc
14
Q
Ecoderm
A
outer layer of skin, hair, lining of the nouse and mouth, and the nervous sytem
15
Q
endodgerm
A
digestive tract, respiratory tract, liver, and pancrease
16
Q
mesoderm
A
muscles and skeleton
17
Q
What is the second phase of development
A
gastrulation
18
Q
gastrulation
A
migration of blastocyst inward leading to multiple distinct layers of tissue called germ layers
19
Q
When does a gastrula develop
A
when cells begins to migrate inward forming an indentation
20
Q
What do cells pushing inward from
A
the endoderm
21
Q
What are cells that remain on the outer surface of the gastrucla
A
ecoderm
22
Q
what happens as the mesoderm is formed
A
additional cells migrate inward between the endoderm and ectoderm
23
Q
At what stage does the nervous sytem emerge
A
nuerlation
24
Q
When does a neural plate form in the ectoderm
A
the third week of development
25
what forms a neural tube
edges of the plate elevating and meeting at the mid-line
26
What is the tube the precuror of
the CNS
27
What is the inside tube
fluid-filled cavities in teh brain (ventricles) and spinal cord (canal)
28
Where is the neural crest
PNS
29
Somite
skull and vertebrae
30
What does proliferation cause the nerual tube to chagne in
size and shape
31
Where are shape changes large
end of tube (future brain)
32
Where are shape changes small
tail end (spinal cord)
33
What do the first three swellings give rise to
forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
34
What do five swelling give rise to
major divisions in the brain
35
where are neural stem cells generated
at the inner (ventricular) surface of the neural tube
36
Why do nueral stem cells being moving their "adresses"
to form structures
37
how are migrating cells immature
they are somas only
38
What are the two ways for cells to migrate
radial and tangential
39
Example of how cells align themselves with other cells
cell-adhesion molecules
40
What happens once nuerons are positioned
they extend processes that will ultimately become their axon and dendrites
41
What is the growing tip of a neurite called
growth cone
42
What does the growth cone consist of
thin spkes called filopdia that extend and retract in response to guidance and mollecules
43
chemoaffinity hypothesis
thin spikes called filopodia that exend and retract in response to guidance molecules
44
What is the formation of new synapses aided by
astrocytes
45
Is the formation of new synapses a multi or singular step process
multi
46
what does the formation of new synapses include
chemical signal exchange between axons and dendrites
47
what is charachteristic of early development
diffuse pattern of synaptic contact
48
When is a more focused pattern present
after synaptic refinement
49
two mechanims of synpase refinement
nueron death and neural activity
50
How do all vertebrates ahve the same basic body plan
they are bilaterally symmetrical
51
anterior/rostral
towards the front/nose
52
posterior/caudal
toward the back/tail
53
dorsal/superior
toward the top
54
ventral/inferior
toward the bottom
55
medial
toward the middle
56
lateral
toward the side
57
ipsilateral
same side of body
58
contralateral
opposite sides of body
59
why are the top of the head and the back of the body dorsal even though the directions are different
the directions in the forebrain are rotates by 90 degress in comparision to those in the spinal cord/brain stem because of the upright posture of humans
60
What is necesarry to view internal strcutures
making slices (sections)
61
How many perpendicular planes of section are there in the brain
3
62
sagittal
left vs high halves
63
horizontal
top vs bottom
64
frontal
front vs back
65
What angle is a cross-section cut at in a long narrow structure
a right angle
66
3 parts of the brain common to all mammals
cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem
67
What do the two cerebral hemispheres in the cerebrum each receive
sensory input
68
What do the two cerebral hemispheres in the cerebrum each control
motor output to the opposite side of the body
69
What is the cerebum split into
two cerebral hempishrepes
70
What part of the brain is a telencephalon
cerebrum
71
What part of the brain is top-most
cerebrum
72
What part of the brian is highly convoluted
cerebrum
73
What is the cerebellum behind/below
cereburm
74
What are the two hemipshres in the cerebellum each concerned with
movement of hte same side of body
75
What part of the brian is highly folded
cerebellum
76
What is the cerebellum primarily
a motor control center
77
What does the brain stem form
the stalk from which the cerebrum and cerebellum sproat
78
What part of the brain helps with basic fucntions such as breath rate
brain stem
79
What par tof the brain is fibers of passage
brain stem
80
How manuy pairs of nerves are attatched to the spinal cord
31
81
In what part of the brian is the cranial nerve
brain stem
82
Where does the spinal cord extend from
the brain stem
83
What is the spinal cord a long, thing tubular bundle of
nervous tissue
84
What does the spinal cord help with communication to/from
the body to the PNS
85
What is the spinal cord shorter than
the vertebral column
86
What do the lower nerves run down before exiting
the canal
87
2 branches/roots are there that the spinal nerve to attatch to the spinal cord
dorsal and ventral
88
What does the dorsal root bring sensory information from
the body into the spinal cord
89
What does the ventral root carry motor command from
cord to body
90
Where are somas in the ventral root
the cord
91
Two areas the spinal cord comprises
inner H-shaped core of grey matter and outer area of white matter
92
What are mylenated axons
white matter
93
what are inner-shaped core of grey matter organized into
sensory and motor nuclei
94
What are the most protected organs in the body
brain and spinal cord
95
3 meninges or membraines that cover the brain and spinal cord
dura, arachnoid, and pia
96
What does crebrospinal fluid fill
sub-arachnoid space overing the brain and spinal cord
97
Where is CSF produced
by a special tissue in the later and third ventricles
98
Where is CSF reabsorbed into
veins
99
What happens after CSF is produced
it flows into the central canal of the spinal cord and sub-arachnoid space
100
How does CSF support the CNS
provides cushioning agianst injury
101
Why does the brain and spinal cord receive a rich blood supply
they have substail nutritional requirements
102
What does the CNS need to function properly
a constant environment
103
What do endothelial cells line
blood vesel walls
104
how do endothelial maintain the environment for the CNS
impending passage into to teh CNS
105
what do endothelial cells impend passage of
foregin substanced, proteins/other large molecules, highly charged molecules, and hormones/nuerotransmitters
106
what is actively transported
glucose
107
Why is the barrier weak in some areas in the brain t
to alo wmonitoring of the chemical composition of blood
108
What is the branch of the nervous sytem to which we are conscious
somatic
109
What is the somatic nervous system invovled in
sensation we are aware of (light and pain) and voluntary movmements
110
What does the somatic provide sensory and motor innervation to
all body parts except organs, smooth muscles and glands
111
What is the branch of the nerobus system that wer are unconscious
autonomic
112
What does the autonomic regulate
visceral (organ) function that maintain homeostatis within the body (heart rate, blood pressuge, digestion ,etc0
113
two components in autonomic
sympathetic and parasympathetic
114
what do spinal somatic afferent/efferent nerves innervate directly
one area of skin
115
What is the autonomic nervous sytem organized in
deratomes
116
What do genral visceral afferents course with
shortest efferents
117
What type of flow do sympathetic/parasympathic effernts have
a thoracolumbar/crainial-sacral outflow
118
two nueron arcs that efferent pathways incovle
sympathetic/parasympatheic ganglia are far from/near to their target organ
119
What are cranial nerves part of the
the PNS
120
Where are cranial nerves primarily innervating
the head and neck
121
BCS 110
flashcards
Decks in class (4)
# Cards
