Lecture 3

Question 1

What were Archaic Greek statues like?

Answer 1

-Kouros/Kore figures
-Influenced by Egyptian models
-Rigid, stylized, frontal

Question 2

What characterizes Classical Greek sculpture?

Answer 2

-More naturalistic but still idealized
-Emphasis on harmony, balance, proportion
-Beautiful, calm, dignified expressions
-Reflect confidence after Persian Wars (rejection of Eastern influence)

Question 3

Charioteer of Delphi

Answer 3

c. 477 BCE, Bronze
-Votive offering at Delphi
-Calm, serene, dignified
-Naturalistic but idealized
-Originally part of a chariot group

Question 4

What artistic values define the Classical period?

Answer 4

-Naturalism + idealism
-Balance and harmony
-Serenely expressive faces
-Human potential and perfection
-Bronze and Marble difficult –> artistic mastery amplified

Question 5

Riace Warriors?

Answer 5

-Highly detailed beards/hair
-Contrapposto stance
-Idealized warriors, life like yet ideal
-Reflect Greek admiration for equilibrium

Question 6

What is contrapposto?

Answer 6

-Equilibrium
- idea that whatever is happening on one side of the body is mirrored on the other side but reversed
-Ex. Straight leg on left side on opposite side of body arm(right arm) is bent

Question 6

How do you know if it is an adult?

Answer 6

Beard

Question 7

Discobolus

Answer 7

-Shows body in dynamic motion
-Mastery of anatomy
-Twisting torso + muscular tension

Question 8

Artemisium God (Zeus/Poseidon)

Answer 8

-God in action pose but calm face
-Classic idealism: serene despite movement

Question 9

Michaelangelo’s David

Answer 9

Modeled on Classical Greek Sculpture
-Contrapposto
-Idealized anatomy
-Heroic scale

Question 10

Female Sculpture (Archaic vs Classical)

Answer 10

-Archaic: clothed, rigid drapery revealing form beneath
-Classical: “wet drapery” style –> clinging fabric, graceful, modest
-No female nudity except for prostitutes

Question 11

Red-figure vs Black-figure vases?

Answer 11

Black-figure: Black paint –> incised details
Red-figure: red figures with black background
-Allows for more detail and natural poses, and overlapping images

Question 12

What themes appear on Classical vases?

Answer 12

-Mythology
-Daily work & play
-Symposia, entertainers, sexuality
-Wedding scenes, rituals, crafts

Question 13

What are key structural features of Greek temples?

Answer 13

Cella (naos): inner worship chamber
Pronaos: entrance porch to cella
Peristyle: surrounding columns
-Built with post and lintel system

Question 14

Why did Greeks use peristyle columns instead of walls?

Answer 14

-Marble too heavy for long solid walls
-Walls would sink due to weight
-Columns allowed weight distribution

Question 15

What roles did temples serve?

Answer 15

-Worship of deity
-Storage of offerings (great wealth)
-Political and economic significance
-Looting temples = worst crime

Question 16

What is an Acropolis?

Answer 16

-High fortified hill in a polis
-Religious and political center
-Athens’ Acropolis = most famous

Question 17

How did Pericles transform Athens’ Acropolis?

Answer 17

-Used Delian League Funds
-Built Parthenon, Erechtheion, Athena Nike temple
-Symbol of Athenian pride & empire

Question 17

Key traits of the Doric order?

Answer 17

-Plain, massive, heavy
-Simple capitals
-Triglyphs + metopes

Question 18

Key traits of the Ionic Order?

Answer 18

-Slender, elegant
-Volute (scroll) capitals
-Continuous frieze

Question 19

What architectural features does the Parthenon combine?

Answer 19

Exterior: Doric (triglyph/metope)
Interior: Ionic frieze
Treasury + cult statue of Athena

Question 20

What themes appear on the Parthenon metopes?

Answer 20

-Gods vs Monsters
-Greeks vs Persians
-Humans vs Centaurs (order vs chaos)

Question 21

What do Parthenon pediments depict?

Answer 21

West: Athena vs Poseidon
East: birth of Athena

Question 22

Pediements?

Answer 22

Triangular upper part of the building

Question 23

Erechtheion

Answer 23

-Purely ionic -Caryatid porch -Honours king Erechtehus

Question 24

Features of the Temple of Athena Nike?

Answer 24

-Small ionic temple -"Nike adjusting Her sandal" -Emphasis on elegance and movement

Question 25

What were the Athenian Agora and Pnyx?

Answer 25

-Agora: public center—law courts, shops, shrines -Pnyx: meeting place of assembly (ekklesia)

Question 26

What were typical family and mortality patterns?

Answer 26

-Avg. children: 4.3 -only 2.7 survived childhood -Life Expectancy: men ~45, women ~33 (skewed by child mortality)

Question 27

Why was infant exposure practiced?

Answer 27

-Father decided child’s acceptance -Reasons: poverty, disability, preference for boys -Unwanted infants left outdoors -Some rescued, some enslaved

Question 28

What was the purpose of marriage in Classical Greece?

Answer 28

-Procreation -Continuation of oikos -Arranged marriages; virginity valued -Age gap: men ~30, women ~15

Question 29

What is a dowry?

Answer 29

-Wealth transferred from bride’s family to husband -Returned to her family in divorce -Signaled economic burden of daughter

Question 30

What were the three life stages of a respectable woman?

Answer 30

-Parthenos (maiden) -Nymphe (married, no child) -Gyne (married with child)

Question 31

What was a kyrios?

Answer 31

-Male guardian (father/husband) -Managed constracts & properties of woemn

Question 32

What is an epikleros?

Answer 32

-Heiress when no sons exist -Must marry nearest male relative -Purpose: preserve family line

Question 33

How was divorce handled?

Answer 33

-Simple process -Wife keeps dowry -Husbands required to divorce adulterous wives

Question 34

What was women’s social expectation regarding space?

Answer 34

-Indoors: textile, food prep -Men outside; women upstairs during male visits -Lower-class women had more mobility

Question 35

How common was slavery in Classical Athens?

Answer 35

~35% of population -Usually foreign-born -Roles: domestic, craft, mining (worst), banking (best) Could run their own businesss to pay for freedom

Question 36

How could slaves resist?

Answer 36

-Sabotage, slowing work -Rare revolts due to isolation

Question 37

What is manumission?

Answer 37

-Slave saving earnings to buy freedom -Freed slaves sometimes became wealthy which made the Greeks mad because they were more succesful than them