MS 100 (Frida) > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What are the general components of muscle tissue?

A
  • belly in the centre
  • two tendons at each end; attach muscle to bone/aponeurosis
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2
Q

Myofibril

A

smallest unit of muscle
thread-like structure with contractile function
made up of thick and thin filaments: actin and myosin

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3
Q

Muscle fibre

A

group of myofibrils encased in fascial sleeve, endomysium

aka myofibre/ muscle cell

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4
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

1) skeletal
2) cardiac
3) smooth

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5
Q

fascia

A

fibrous membrane covering, supporting, and separating muscle tissue

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6
Q

fascicle

A

group of muscle fibres encased in fascial sleeve, perimysium

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7
Q

aponeurosis

A
  • sheet-like tendon joining one muscle with another, or a muscle with a bone
    (specific type of fascia*)
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8
Q

tendon

A
  • white, fibrous cord of dense, regular connective tissue
  • attaches MUSCLE TO BONE
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9
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • striated: alternating light and dark bands under microscope
  • voluntary control
  • fibre direction usually run parallel to direction of muscle pull
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10
Q

what makes up light and dark bands in striated muscles?

A

alternating thick and thin filaments

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11
Q

what direction do the fibres in muscles lie?

A

in direction of muscle pull

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12
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • striated
  • involuntary
  • has intercalated discs at cell bifurcations, allow communication between neighbouring cardiac myocytes
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13
Q

bifurcated

A

forked

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14
Q

skeletal muscles with involuntary control

A

diaphragm, postural muscles, resting tone

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15
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

Organ related

  • non-striated
  • involuntary
  • present in gastrointestinal (ex. peristalsis), blood vessels, airways, hair follicles, uterus
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16
Q

Layers of fascia within muscle

A

1) endomysium (innermost)
2) perimysium (around fascicles, middle layer)
3) epimysium (top most layer) continuous over tendon and becomes periosteum (into bone)

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17
Q

fascia is _____

A

continuous

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18
Q

Can trace tension in the body by tracing _____

A

fascia

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19
Q

what is the order of the structures of muscle in ascending order?

A

myofribril (actin and myosin), muscle fibre, fascicle, skeletal muscle

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20
Q

Why does a tendon appear white?

A

Has no contractile tissue (red due to being vascularized)

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21
Q

What are the five functions of muscle?

A

1) motion, reflex and voluntary, muscle crossing more than one joint increases complexity of motion

2) maintain posture/ stabilize

3) venous flow (squeeze venous blood back to heart)

4) thermogenesis (85% of heat generated by muscle activity)

5) register volume of internal organs

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22
Q

What are the six types of fibre arrangements?

A

1) longitudinal

2) quadrate

3) triangular

4) circular

5) fusiform

6) penniform

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23
Q

longitudinal fibre arrangement

A
  • long strap-like fibres run parallel to longitudinal axis
    ex. sartorius, rectus abdominis
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24
Q

quadrate fibre arrangement

A
  • flat and four sided muscles with fibres that run parallel to line of pull
    ex. pronator quadratus, rhomboids
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25
triangular fibre arrangement
Triangular - flat, fan-shaped muscle with fibres that radiate from a narrow attachment to a broad attachment ex. pectoralis major
26
circular fibre arrangement
circular - typically sphincter muscles that surround an opening ex. orbicularis oris, orbicularis occuli
27
fusiform fibre arrangement
- round, spindle shaped, tapered at both ends ex. brachialis, brachioradialis
28
penniform muscle arrangement
Muscle with tendon run all the way through from start to finish Three subcategories 1) unipenniform 2) bipenniform 3) multipenniform
29
Unipenniform
ONE TENDON short parallel fibres originating from ONE side of tendon. ex. extensor diitorum longus, tibialis posterior
30
Bipenniform
ONE TENDON double pennate fibres on BOTH sides of central tendon. ex. rectus femoris, flexor hallucis longus
31
Multipenniform
SEVERAL tendons muscle fibres running diagonal between ex. deltoid
32
Muscular attachments
Origins and insertions (Os and Is)
33
origin
proximal attachment or stationary bone
34
insertion
distal attachment or moving bone
35
Coordination of muscle groups
- prime mover - synergist - antagonist
36
prime mover
muscle directly responsible for producing a desired motion aka agonist
37
synergist
muscle that assists the prime mover
38
antagonist
muscle that has an action OPPOSITE that of the prime mover
39
Muscles are named after
- direction. ex. rectus (towards midline) - size. ex. maximus - shape. ex. serratus - action. ex. adductor - number of origins. ex. biceps - location. ex. temporalis, superior - origin and insertion. ex. sternocleidomastoid
40
Describe the anatomic position
- standing erect - arms and legs extended - palms facing upwards - fee flat or on big toe - penis erect (can ignore)
41
front and back
anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal
42
close and far way from trunk
proximal and distal
43
close and further from middle
medial and lateral
44
towards feet and towards head
inferior/caudal and superior/rostral/cephalad
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towards outside and towards inside
external and internal
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same side and opposite side
ipsilateral and contralateral
47
one side and both sides
unilateral and bilateral
48
Planes of the body
- frontal/coronal: vertical, anterior and posterior halves - sagittal: vertical, left and right sides midsagittal and parasagittal) - transverse: horizontal, top and bottom - oblique: diagonal
49
decrease and increase in angle
flexion and extension hyperflexion and hyperextension
50
movement away and towards midline
adbduction and adduction hyperabduction and hyperadduction
51
anterior surface of bone towards midline and posterior surface of bone towards midline
medial (internal) rotation and lateral (external) rotation
52
Special directions of movement for the jaw
elevation and depression: closing and opening mouth Protrusion/protraction and retrusion/retraction: chin out and in left lateral deviation and right lateral deviation: chin moves to left, and right
53
Special directions of movement for the scapula
Protraction and retraction: away from midline around rubs and towards midline superior and inferior rotation: glenoid fossa faces superiorly, glenoid fossa faces inferiorly medial rotation: medial border lifts from thorax upward tip: inferior pole lifts from thorax
54
Special directions of movement for the shoulder
elevation and depression: humeral head moves superior and inferior
55
Special directions of movement for the elbow and wrist
pronation and supination: palm down/posterior and palm up/anterior Radial deviation and ulnar deviation: wrist and hand towards radial (thumb) side, and wrist and hand towards ulnar (pinky) side
56
Special directions of movement for the foot and ankle
plantarflexion and dorsiflexion: sole of foot downward and top of foot towards shin inversion and eversion: sole of foot inward, and sole of foot outward
57
Special directions of movement for the spine
right and left lateral flexion: movement in the frontal plane around an anterior/posterior axis flexion and extension: bending anteriorly/posteriorly in the sagittal plane around the medial/lateral axis right and left rotation: twisting around vertical axis so anterior surface of the spine faces right or left
58
Whole body positions
- supine: on back - prone: on front - lateral recumbent: on side, side-lying
59
when movement does not move in one plane it does not occur in an ____ of _____ and instead occurs on the _____ _____ of the bone
axis of rotation, mechanical axis
60
What is different about the internal and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint?
The movement does not occur in one plane or an axis of rotation, the movement occurs around the mechanical axis of the humerus
MS 100 (Frida)
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