lecture 3

Question 1

karl lashley - lesion findings

the law of mass action

Answer 1

not location of lesion but extent of lesion.
equipotentiality & plasticity can take over damaged area and recover function.
*equipotentiality believed now.

Question 2

Penfield - localization of function.

- anterior intraparietal sulcus (splits inferior parietal lobe) lesion =?

Answer 2

map homunculi in surgical patients

AIP sulcus lesion = inability to pre-shape hands during grasping

Question 3

fodor - modularity of mind.
encapsulated mental processes, impervious to other things..

** read up on this**

Answer 3

different mental parts of mind.

essential, automatic, fast and highly specialized system for orienting, actions, and face recognition.

Question 4

closed head injury

Answer 4

acceleration/deceleration = hit head, no break in skull.

Question 5

cerebral oedema

Answer 5

altitude change causes swelling of brain due to fluid

Question 6

infarction

Answer 6

neuronal necrosis = tissue death assoc w inadequate blood supply.

Question 7

ischaemia

Answer 7

decreased blood flow

Question 8

thrombosis

Answer 8

clot

Question 9

stroke

Answer 9

loss of blood supply in brain

Question 10

haemorrhage

Answer 10

bleeding

Question 11

tumor

Answer 11

intervention = = take out layer of healthy tissue

= displace tissue,

Question 12

anoxia

Answer 12

no oxygen to tisue.

Question 13

encephalopathy

Answer 13

toxicity= inflammation of brain associated with altered mental state.

Question 14

encephalitis

Answer 14

inflammation in brain due to infection
primary (from brain)
secondary (from body)

Question 15

hydrocephalus

Answer 15

• overproduction of CSF

decreased absorption of CSF

Question 16

surgery

Answer 16

tumor, epilepsy, DBS etc. may be issues with that.

Question 17

HC - seizures.

had left hemispherectomy to minimize and abate seizures

Answer 17

lost site in right VF - no neglect (contralateral)
limp in right leg, preserved right hand control in left hand - possible right motor cortex compensates.
language = right side (usually more on left) - plasticity due to age?
disrupt electrical connection to stop seizure.

Question 18

galen - patients with circumscribed brain damage

Answer 18

• knew there were links btw brain (injury) and mind (behaviour)

Question 19

lesion methods: neural substrates vs cognitive function

Answer 19

NS = know where brain damage is, look for deficits.

CF = people with various stroke lesions that suffer same problem = put together all lesions and see where common areas of damage are - correlate to deficits in behavior

Question 20

brenda milner and hippocampal function

• what lesion method?
• hippocampal function?

Answer 20

• used neural substrates technique.

- hippocampus = spatial navigation, LTM, STM.

Question 21

hemineglect patients

Answer 21

not aware of portions of space

Question 22

double dissociation

ex:

Answer 22

lesion A = deficit in A but not B
lesion B = deficit in B but not A.

language - broca’s (output) vs Wernicke’s (comprehension)

Question 23

caveats to lesions

Answer 23

variability in popln = age, gender, education, experience.
lesion (no two are the same)
etiology (cause of lesion)
indirect observations - part of brain actually involved in behaviour or evolved in connection to critical parts or connection through to important areas? alternate strategies = test and make inferences to do tasks in more than one way.

Question 24

multiple case studies

Answer 24

• need to relate test to different types of people. need large population for each group.

Question 25

neurologically intact individuals | - what kind of group?

Answer 25

control group. match subjects to the experimental group in terms of age, gender, handedness.

Question 26

non-human animals

Answer 26

use for neuropsych research. | test parietal cortex: memory, attention, visuo-motor control

Question 27

clinical neuropsych assessment: - cognitive capacity profile - baseline, prognosis.

Answer 27

ID weaknesses and strengths. provide baseline for rehab. prognosis - what they expect the healing would be. - in conjunction with full neuro exam.

Question 28

principles of assessment

Answer 28

- ID presence and type of mild disturbance - differentiate btw brain injury and psych disorder - deficit evaluation and rehab planning - evaluate effects of surgery and drug therapy. - evaluate scholastic problems in children - objective data for research legal forensics legal assessment for suitability of person to work, retain child custody.

Question 29

mini mental state exam (MMSE)

Answer 29

orientation - where is person? specifics. registration - name 3 unrelated objects, repeat back. attention/calculation - spell backwards, cont backwards from 100 by 7's recall - ask names of 3 previous objects language - name, commands, repeat, write sentence *similar to concussion test*

Question 30

halstead-reitan battery | - 11 tests

Answer 30

category, tactual, rhythm, speech (repeat), 10 second finger tapping.

Question 31

WAIS-III

Answer 31

test working memory. | verbal and non-verbal (visuospatial), verbal comprehension, processing speed.

Question 32

raven progressive matrices

Answer 32

- match empty space with what matches pattern

Question 33

judgement of line orientation test | - dot localization

Answer 33

- match line with protractor. | - empty grid next to number filled. which numbers do dots cover?

Question 34

issues in neuropsych assessment - reliability - validity

Answer 34

- R = same result under same condition to same person. | - V = testing what you thin you're testing

Question 35

types of validity

Answer 35

``` construct = test targeted cognitive function? localization = reflect focal lesions? diagnostic = diagnose disease? ecologic = predict everyday relevant behaviour ```

Question 36

issue in neuropsych assessment = premorbid functioning

Answer 36

= performance levels prior to injury. - low functioning premorbidly = risk of misattributing low score to injury - high-functioning pre = risk of overlooing dysfunction due to compensatory strategies

Question 37

issue in neuro assess - psychiatric disorder - compliance and malingering

Answer 37

- rule out axis 1. - malinger = exaggerate minor deficit. extend deficit to match what others suffer with. = not always "faking" - self awareness is low. - MMPI - loo for exaggerated or unrealistic response patterns

Question 38

experimental psych vs neuro psych assess

Answer 38

E: volunteers, resilient. research, aggregate behaviour, average behaviour. avoid false positive N : patients - sensitive. application, specific behaviour, disordered behaviour, avoid false negatives, hypotheses about brain dysfunction