Lecture 3- Example Questions

Question 1

Calcium is stored and released from the _____________ of a muscle fiber.

Answer 1

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Question 2

Which regions of a sarcomere change in length during a muscle contraction?

Answer 2

I band and H zone

Question 3

The portion of a sarcomere that contains only thin filaments is the _____________.

Answer 3

I Band

Question 4

A deep invagination of a muscle fiber’s sarcolemma that promotes the release of calcium ions throughout the muscle tissue:

Answer 4

T-tubule (Transverse tubule)

Question 5

The movable point where muscle attaches to bone is referred to as the ________________.

Answer 5

Insertion

Question 6

A synapse is:

Answer 6

Communication between 2 neurons

Question 7

The function of a Schwann Cell is:

Answer 7

Form Myelin Sheath around axons in the PNS

Question 8

Which of the following is the function of the tympanic membrane of the ear?

Answer 8

Transmit vibrations to ossicles (middle ear bones)

Question 9

Which of the following is a general function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Answer 9

“Rest & Digest” —slower heart rate, stimulate digestion, conserve energy.

Question 10

Moving the arm uses which specific division of the PNS?

Answer 10

Somatic motor division

Question 11

In which autonomic division do ganglia lie closest to the organs being innervated?

Answer 11

Parasympathetic division

Question 12

The Pineal gland found in the epithalamus is responsible for producing _______________.

Answer 12

Melatonin

Question 13

Olfactory epithelial cells are a type of ________________.

Answer 13

Chemoreceptors (bipolar neurons)

Question 14

Cerebral Spinal Fluid is produced by cells in the CNS called _________________.

Answer 14

Ependymal Cells — (located in the choroid plexus)

Question 15

True/False: A ganglion is a collection of neuronal axons in the PNS

Answer 15

False —A ganglion is a collection of neuronal CELL BODIES in the PNS.

Question 16

True/False: Cerebrospinal fluid flows through epidural space and eventually enters venous system.

Answer 16

False — Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows through the subarachnoid space.

Question 17

List the steps of a muscle contraction in order: Include the use of calcium, acetylcholine (Ach), ATP, and proteins including troponin, tropomyosin, myosin, and actin. Be sure to include the names of the organelles involved. (8pts)

Answer 17

1. Nerve impulse triggers release of acetylcholine (ACh) initiating action potential.
2. The electrical signal travels down the T-tubules to reach the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
3. The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases stored calcium ions into the muscle fiber.
4. Calcium binds to troponin, causing the tropomyosin molecule to roll away and expose the active sites on actin.
5. Myosin heads bind to these active sites, pulling the actin filaments toward the center to shorten the sarcomere.
6. The cycle repeats as long as ATP and calcium are available.

Question 18

List the sensory structures involved with equilibrium and movement. Where are the structures located and what specific functions do they have? Correct terminology must be used for credit. (6 pts)

Answer 18

1. SEMICIRCULAR CANALS — Located: Inner Ear — Function: Detects rotational acceleration, endolymph fluid begins to move distorting the CUPULA, causing the bending of HAIR CELLS, this bending causes depolarization of the associated sensory nerve.
2. ULTRICLE — Located: Vestibule — Function: Detects horizontal linear acceleration; Contains Macula with Otoliths (Calcium crystals)
3. SACCULE — Located: Vestibule — Function: Detects vertical linear acceleration; Contains Macula with Otoliths. (Calcium crystals)