Lecture 3 - Hypothesis Formulation

Question 1

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 1

An assumption predicting variable relationships, tested scientifically and explain it

Question 2

What is useful but less formal in data analysis?

Answer 2

Hypothesis

Question 3

When does a hypothesis come?

Answer 3

After defining the problem statement

Question 4

What does a hypothesis define?

Answer 4

Context, goal, scope, and variables of analysis

Question 5

What does a hypothesis describes?

Answer 5

What you are trying to understand, compare, or test

Question 6

What does a hypothesis identifies?

Answer 6

variables, data requirements, and clients involved

Question 7

What is a problem statement?

Answer 7

A concise description of an issue needing data analysis

Question 8

What does a problem statement set?

Answer 8

The objective and required variables for analysis( Footer : Helps us understand why the anlysis is significant )

Question 9

What are hypothesis components?

Answer 9

Independent variables (inputs) and dependent variables (outputs)

Question 10

What is an independent variable (IV)?

Answer 10

A dataset feature controlled or varied by the analyst

Question 11

What is a dependent variable (DV)?

Answer 11

The target outcome influenced by independent variables

Question 12

Why understand hypothesis components?

Answer 12

To determine needed variables and analysis scope

Question 13

What is important to define for hypothesis?

Answer 13

Defining the target outcome to measure

Question 14

List out all the steps in Hypothesis Development

Answer 14

1. Ask A Question
2. Preliminary Research
3. Formulate Your Hypothesis
4. Refine Your Hypothesis
5. Pharase your Hypothesis
6. Write Your Null Hypothesis

Question 15

Step 1 in hypothesis development?

Answer 15

Ask a focused, specific and researchable question, form a problem statement

This sets the scope of the project

Question 16

Step 2 in hypothesis development?

Answer 16

Conduct preliminary research from problem statement to identify variables and facilitates assumptions of the relationship

Question 17

What is required for preliminary research?

Answer 17

Problem Statement

Question 18

Step 3 in hypothesis development?

Answer 18

Formulate a draft hypothesis from research insights

Question 19

Step 4 in hypothesis development?

Answer 19

Refine hypothesis to be specific and testable which should be written with respect to relevant variables, group of interest and predicted output of the study

Question 20

Step 5 in hypothesis development?

Answer 20

Phrase hypothesis by highlighting IVs ( Independent ) and DVs ( Dependent )

Question 21

Step 6 in hypothesis development?

Answer 21

Write the null hypothesis which serves as the default position assuming no correlation between variables tested

Question 22

What is a simple hypothesis?

Answer 22

Relationship between 1 IV and 1 DV

Question 23

Example of simple hypothesis?

Answer 23

More discounts (IV) will increase sales (DV)

Question 24

What is a complex hypothesis?

Answer 24

Relationship among multiple IVs and one DV

Question 25

Example of complex hypothesis?

Answer 25

Discounts and seasonal events jointly increase sales

Question 26

What is a logical hypothesis?

Answer 26

A rational proposition without direct measurable evidence

Question 27

Example of logical hypothesis?

Answer 27

People exposed to positive reinforcement exposure increases task motivation

Question 28

What is a statistical hypothesis?

Answer 28

Testable claim about a population parameter

Question 29

List out 3 types of Statistical Hypothesis

Answer 29

1. t-test 2. chi-square 3. ANOVA 4. Regression Analysis

Question 30

Example of statistical hypothesis?

Answer 30

Company A stock mean higher monthly return than Company B’s

Question 31

What is the null hypothesis?

Answer 31

Default claim of 2 groups with no difference or effect

Question 32

Example of Null Hypotheis

Answer 32

There is no difference betweeen the mean monthly returns between Company A and Company B

Question 33

What is the alternative hypothesis?

Answer 33

Claim opposing the null hypothesis, seeking evidence of difference

Question 34

Example of Alternative Hypothesis

Answer 34

Company A’s mean monthly return is greater than Company B’s.

Question 35

What research question was used?

Answer 35

Does nano‑treatment improve tumour reduction over standard chemotherapy?

Question 36

What did preliminary NPC research find?

Answer 36

NPC incidence high in Southeast Asian males; 60% chemosurvival rate

Question 37

Hypothesis Testing in Practice

Answer 37

What was the formulated NPC hypothesis?

Question 38

Hypothesis Testing in Practice

Answer 38

How was the NPC hypothesis refined?

Question 39

Hypothesis Testing in Practice

Answer 39

How is the alternative hypothesis expressed?

Question 40

Hypothesis Testing in Practice

Answer 40

How is the null hypothesis expressed?

Question 41

What are the steps in formulating a hypothesis?

Answer 41

Ask question; research; draft; refine; phrase; null hypothesis

Question 42

What are common hypothesis types?

Answer 42

Simple, complex, logical, statistical (null and alternative)