Lecture 35 - Primates + Human Evolution

Question 1

What are the 4 groups of primates in order of least-most related to humans?

Answer 1

1. Pottos, lemurs, lorises
2. Tarsiers
3. Old/new world monkey
4. The great apes

Question 2

What is the primary habitat of pottos, lemurs, and lorises?

Answer 2

Madagascar

Question 3

Which is older? new or old world monkeys?

Answer 3

new world monkeys

Question 4

What are 4 new world monkey characteristics?

Answer 4

1. older
2. arboreal
3. prehensile tails
4. nostrils open to side

Question 5

What are 4 characteristics of old world monkeys?

Answer 5

1. arboreal + ground-dwelling
2. lack prehensile tails
3. nostrils open downward
4. newer

Question 6

What are the great apes in order from least-most related to humans? (5)

Answer 6

1. gibbon
2. orangutan
3. gorilla
4. chimpanzee
5. bonobo

Question 7

What are 5 general attributes of primates?

Answer 7

1. opposable thumbs
2. larger brains, shorter jaws
3. flat nails on digits (not claws)
4. relatively well-developed parental care/social behavior
5. forward facing eyes

Question 8

Hands and feet used for grasping

Answer 8

all primates

Question 9

Relatively well developed parental care + complex social behavior

Answer 9

great apes

Question 10

Flatter face + less pronounced chin

Answer 10

humans

Question 11

sexual dimporphism

Answer 11

great apes

Question 12

cooperation

Answer 12

humans

Question 13

upright posture

Answer 13

humans

Question 14

language

Answer 14

humans

Question 15

opposable thumbs (most)

Answer 15

all primates

Question 16

shorter jaws

Answer 16

all primates

Question 17

brachiating

Answer 17

great apes

Question 18

forward facing eyes with good depth perception

Answer 18

all primates

Question 19

flat nails

Answer 19

all primates

Question 20

symbolic thought

Answer 20

humans

Question 21

bipedal locomotion

Answer 21

humans

Question 22

dispell 3 myths of human evolution

Answer 22

1. ancestors are neither chimps nor apes
2. evolution not a ladder to Homo sapiens
3. mosaic, not uniform evolution of human traits

Question 23

Who was the possible last common ancestor of humans? How long ago?

Answer 23

Ardipithecus (4.4 million years ago)

Question 24

our genome is most different form ______

Answer 24

gorilla

Question 25

Who is a possible direct ancestor? How long ago?

Answer 25

Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) 3.2 million years ago

Question 26

Who was Gigantopithecus?

Answer 26

- 10 foot tall - vegetarian early ape/hominin - evolutionary dead end

Question 27

Who was Paranthropus boisei?

Answer 27

early stage of human development

Question 28

Who is most likely our direct ancesor?

Answer 28

Hommo erectus or ergaster

Question 29

Who was Homo naledi?

Answer 29

- found in South Africa | - earliest ritual burrial

Question 30

Who was Homo floresiensis?

Answer 30

- the hobbit | - lived until 13,000 years ago

Question 31

What was significant about Homo neanderthalis?

Answer 31

-interbred with humans

Question 32

Who are Denisovans?

Answer 32

- recently diverged sister taxon of humans | - we contain their genes

Question 33

What is the multiregional hypothesis?

Answer 33

-modern humans evolved in parallel from local populations of H. erectus

Question 34

What does the multiregional hypothesis suggest about genetic similarity?

Answer 34

-due to occasional inter-breeding between neighboring populations

Question 35

What is the replacement hypothesis?

Answer 35

"Out of Africa" | -all Homo sapiens evolved from second major migration out of Africa

Question 36

What does the replacement hypothesis suggest about migrants?

Answer 36

-migrants completely replaced all regional populations derived from first hominid migration

Question 37

Which hypothesis is thought to be accurate?

Answer 37

Out of Africa/Replacement hypothesis

Question 38

________ lead to selection of traits that promoted intelligence and flexibility?

Answer 38

climate change

Question 39

climate change led to _______

Answer 39

genetic drift (small populations growing back up)

Question 40

There was a positive feedback loop between _____ and ______

Answer 40

tool use and brain size

Question 41

____ led to less competition between males

Answer 41

monogamy